Prevention:
Prevention should be targeted towards preventing the onset of specific diseases via risk reduction; altering behaviours or exposures that can lead to CKD, or by enhancing resistance to the effects of exposure to a disease agent like smoking cessation or alcohol in moderation and vaccination. Screening procedures to detect early abnormalities in kidney function such as risk factor detection-blood pressure, blood sugar, anthropometric measures, measurement of lipids, serum creatinine and urinalysis and also helps promote public awareness and education. Provision of safe pipe borne water, provision of good refuse disposal system, good funding of the health sector, funding of research programmes, enlightenment/awareness campaigns. Personal cleanliness and clean environment are important to avoid contracting infectious/contagious diseases like typhoid, cholera, sore-throat, gastroenteritis, COVID-19 in rural and semi-urban communities.