Interventions:
All ICU patients were evaluated for the risk of ARC development, using ARC and Augmented Renal Clearance in Trauma Intensive Care (ARCTIC) scoring systems (Table 1) [4, 19] on the first day of admission. For patients who categorized as high risk based on scoring systems, 12-hour urine collection was requested. Patients with confirmed ARC, based on 12-hour urine CrCl, who received standard doses of meropenem (1g or 2g every 8 hours, infused over 4-hr) based on the physician in charge decision, enrolled in the study. After 48 hours, at the steady-state time, two blood samples gathered from each participant. The first sample obtained 60 minutes after the end of the meropenem infusion (peak concentration (Cpeak)) and the second one attained 30 minutes before receiving the next dose (trough concentration (Ctrough)). Blood samples were immediately centrifuged for 15 min at 4000 g, and serum was stored at -80°C for later analysis.