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This single-centre prospective observational cohort study was conducted at a 30-bed medical-surgical Intensive Care Unit (ICU) of Imam Hossein Medical Center, affiliated with Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences (SBMU) in Tehran, Iran. This study has been approved by Institutional Review Boards of SBMU with the ethics committee code of IR.SBMU.PHARMACY.REC.1398.103.