Nutritional Status
To capture the distal factors of the child ecosystem, we examined food insecurity. Specifically, we examined child malnutrition as a proxy for food insecurity. We examined childhood nutrition by calculating height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and weight/height-for-age (WHZ) z scores using World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth Standards23. Under-weight-for-age was defined as a weight-for-age z score <-2, malnutrition as weight-for-age <-3, stunting as height-for-age z score <-2, and severe stunting as a height-for-age z score of <-3.