Nutritional Status
To capture the distal factors of the child ecosystem, we examined food
insecurity. Specifically, we examined child malnutrition as a proxy for
food insecurity. We examined childhood nutrition by calculating
height-for-age (HAZ), weight-for-age (WAZ) and weight/height-for-age
(WHZ) z scores using World Health Organization (WHO) Child Growth
Standards23. Under-weight-for-age was defined as a
weight-for-age z score <-2, malnutrition as
weight-for-age <-3,
stunting as height-for-age z score <-2, and severe stunting as
a height-for-age z score of <-3.