Echocardiography
Mice were mildly sedated with 0.5% isoflurane and fixed with tape and
echo gel on a warm ECG platform. Global cardiac function was assessed in
M-mode with a Vevo 2100 Ultrasound system (VisualSonics, Toronto,
Canada). At end-systole and end-diastole, the interventricular septal
wall and posterior wall thicknesses, as well as left ventricle internal
diameters, were evaluated from the left parasternal longitudinal axis
view. Ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shorten (FS) were calculated
as described (Jia D et al., 2019).