Echocardiography
Mice were mildly sedated with 0.5% isoflurane and fixed with tape and echo gel on a warm ECG platform. Global cardiac function was assessed in M-mode with a Vevo 2100 Ultrasound system (VisualSonics, Toronto, Canada). At end-systole and end-diastole, the interventricular septal wall and posterior wall thicknesses, as well as left ventricle internal diameters, were evaluated from the left parasternal longitudinal axis view. Ejection fraction (EF) and fractional shorten (FS) were calculated as described (Jia D et al., 2019).