Figure 4 Structural equation model describing the effects of
grazing intensity, grazing duration, livestock type and aridity index on
relative changes in ecosystem multifunctionality (EMF) through the
relative changes in multi-diversity. Numbers adjacent to arrows indicate
the effect size of the relationship, and solid arrows represent
standardized path coefficients with significance indicated as
***P <0.001 **P <0.01 and
*P <0.05. Non-significant paths are indicated by dashed
arrows
(P >0.05).R2marginaland R2conditional represent the level
of deviance of the variable explained by all paths from the fixed
effects, and both the fixed and random effects
(“study”),respectively.