Study Endpoints
The study endpoints included in-hospital all-cause mortality, LOS, post-procedural stroke, acute kidney injury, bleeding, need for blood transfusion, acute respiratory failure, and total hospital charges. The 2016 NRD reports in-hospital all-cause deaths and mean LOS. The other endpoints were assessed during the index hospitalization using specific ICD-10 codes for post-procedural complications, Supplemental Table 1. Stroke included new intra or post-procedural cerebral infarction secondary to bleeding, thrombosis and/or embolism to one or more cerebral arteries. Acute kidney injury included any new post-procedural acute worsening of kidney function. Bleeding included any circulatory or central nervous system bleeding during or post-procedure, or post-procedure hemorrhage/anemia. Transfusion included blood or blood product transfusion post-procedure. Acute respiratory failure included new post-procedural hypoxemic or hypercapnic respiratory failure or acute worsening of chronic respiratory failure. Total hospital charges represented how much the hospital billed for the service but not necessarily the actual cost or the amount the hospital actually received.