Study Endpoints
The study endpoints included
in-hospital all-cause mortality, LOS, post-procedural stroke, acute
kidney injury, bleeding, need for blood transfusion, acute respiratory
failure, and total hospital charges. The 2016 NRD reports in-hospital
all-cause deaths and mean LOS. The other endpoints were assessed during
the index hospitalization using specific ICD-10 codes for
post-procedural complications, Supplemental Table 1. Stroke included new
intra or post-procedural cerebral infarction secondary to bleeding,
thrombosis and/or embolism to one or more cerebral arteries. Acute
kidney injury included any new post-procedural acute worsening of kidney
function. Bleeding included any circulatory or central nervous system
bleeding during or post-procedure, or post-procedure hemorrhage/anemia.
Transfusion included blood or blood product transfusion post-procedure.
Acute respiratory failure included new post-procedural hypoxemic or
hypercapnic respiratory failure or acute worsening of chronic
respiratory failure. Total hospital charges represented how much the
hospital billed for the service but not necessarily the actual cost or
the amount the hospital actually received.