Outcomes № of participants
(studies)
Follow up Certainty of the evidence
(GRADE) Relative effect
(95% CI) Anticipated absolute effects Anticipated absolute effects
Risk with [PLACEBO] Risk difference with [GKAs]
FPG (FPG) 355 (5 RCTs) ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE a - The mean FPG was 0 SD MD 0.71 SD lower (1.11 lower to 0.31 lower)
HbA1c 370 (4 RCTs) ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE a - The mean hbA1c was 0 SD MD 0.65 SD lower (0.82 lower to 0.48 lower)
Total AEs 605 (4 RCTs) ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE a RR 1.11 (0.95 to 1.30) 482 per 1,000 53 more per 1,000 (24 fewer to 145 more)
Hypoglycemia 840 (5 RCTs) ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE a RR 1.81 (1.35 to 2.42) 109 per 1,000 89 more per 1,000 (38 more to 155 more)
Headache 501 (3 RCTs) ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE a RR 1.30 (0.49 to 3.43) 28 per 1,000 8 more per 1,000 (14 fewer to 68 more)
Diarrhea 501 (3 RCTs) ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE a RR 1.64 (0.69 to 3.87) 32 per 1,000 20 more per 1,000 (10 fewer to 92 more)
Nausea 267 (2 RCTs) ⨁⨁⨁◯ MODERATE a RR 2.65 (0.53 to 13.26) 15 per 1,000 24 more per 1,000 (7 fewer to 182 more)
*The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; MD: Mean difference; RR: Risk ratio *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; MD: Mean difference; RR: Risk ratio *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; MD: Mean difference; RR: Risk ratio *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; MD: Mean difference; RR: Risk ratio *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; MD: Mean difference; RR: Risk ratio *The risk in the intervention group (and its 95% confidence interval) is based on the assumed risk in the comparison group and the relative effect of the intervention (and its 95% CI). CI: Confidence interval; MD: Mean difference; RR: Risk ratio
GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect 11a. The category and dose of GKAs varied in all the trials. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect 22a. The category and dose of GKAs varied in all the trials. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect 33a. The category and dose of GKAs varied in all the trials. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect 44a. The category and dose of GKAs varied in all the trials. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect 55a. The category and dose of GKAs varied in all the trials. GRADE Working Group grades of evidence High certainty: We are very confident that the true effect lies close to that of the estimate of the effect Moderate certainty: We are moderately confident in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be close to the estimate of the effect, but there is a possibility that it is substantially different Low certainty: Our confidence in the effect estimate is limited: The true effect may be substantially different from the estimate of the effect Very low certainty: We have very little confidence in the effect estimate: The true effect is likely to be substantially different from the estimate of effect 66a. The category and dose of GKAs varied in all the trials.