Author Publication Date (Dates of Data Collection) Country (Location) Legal Status at Data Collection** (Recreational Cannabis) Legal Status at Data Collection** (Medical Cannabis) Methodology Comparator Group n Main Research Question or Purpose
Barbosa-Leiker20 2020 (N/A) United States of America - Washington Legal Legal Qualitative Group 1 - Cannabis Only 19 To identify women’s perceptions of risks and benefits of cannabis use during pregnancy and postpartum as it relates to breastfeeding and parenting, in a state that has legalized recreational cannabis.
Bartlett53 2020 (2019) Canada - Ontario Legal Legal Quantitative Group 1 - Cannabis Only 478 The objectives of our study were to: 1) estimate the prevalence of cannabis use among pregnant women in Hamilton Ontario; 2) evaluate pregnant women’s beliefs about the transmission of cannabis in pregnancy and breastfeeding; and 3) examine if there is an association between receiving information from a healthcare provider (HCP) and a woman’s decision to discontinue using cannabis antenatally.
Chang54 2019 (2011- 2015) United States of America - Pennsylvania Illegal Illegal Qualitative Group 1 - Cannabis Only 25 To qualitatively describe the marijuana use experiences, beliefs, and attitudes of women who used marijuana during pregnancy.
Curry55 2002 (N/A) United States of America - California; Michigan Illegal; Illegal Legal; Illegal Qualitative Group 1 - Cannabis Only 3 To unveil the deep suffering endured by women undergoing Hyperemesis Gravidarum (HG) from a folkloristic perspective and propose the use of medical cannabis as an effective natural remedy for the symptoms of HG.
Dreher56 1988 (N/A) Jamaica Illegal Illegal Qualitative Group 1 - Cannabis Only 70 To come out of the clinical setting and examine the practices and beliefs surrounding perinatal ganja smoking through interviews and direct observation in community-based field sites.
Gray57 2017 (2015) United States of America - Michigan Illegal Legal Qualitative Group 1 - Cannabis Only 10 To evaluate, among pregnant women and prenatal care providers, the acceptability of an electronic brief intervention and text messaging plan for marijuana use in pregnancy.
Holland58 2016 (2011-2014) United States of America - Pennsylvania Illegal Illegal Mixed Methods Group 1 - Cannabis Only 90 To describe obstetric health care providers’ responses and counseling approaches to patients’ disclosures of marijuana use during first prenatal visits.
Jarlenski59 2016 (2012- 2015) United States of America - Pennsylvania Illegal Illegal Qualitative Group 1 - Cannabis Only 26 To understand information-seeking patterns and perceptions of usefulness of available information about perinatal marijuana use among pregnant women who have used marijuana.
Mark8 2017 (2015-2016) United States of America - Maryland Decriminalized Illegal Quantitative Group 1 - Cannabis Only 306 To evaluate pregnant women’s patterns of cannabis use, views towards legalization, knowledge of potential harm, and motivations for cessation during and after pregnancy.
Oh52 2017 (2005-2014) United States of America * * Quantitative Group 1 - Cannabis Only 7627 To examine trends and mental health correlates of marijuana use among married and unmarried pregnant women including perceptions of risk of marijuana use during pregnancy.
Postogonova60 2019 (2018) Canada - Quebec Illegal Legal Quantitative Group 1 - Cannabis Only 132 To survey women who had recently given birth about their attitudes and experiences regarding the use of marijuana for the medical treatment of pain during labour
Young-Wolff61 2020 (2011- 2017) United States of America * * Mixed Methods Group 1 - Cannabis Only 204 To analyze publicly posted questions on perinatal cannabis use on an online anonymous digital health platform and licensed U.S health care provider responses.
Beatty52 2012 (N/A) United States of America - Michigan Illegal Legal Quantitative Group 2 - Cannabis, Alcohol, Tobacco 150 To examine the relative prevalence of marijuana and tobacco use among low-income post-partum women, using self report, urine, and hair testing data; and to further explore perceptions of the substances among postpartum women by evaluating perceived risk and monetary cost of prenatal marijuana versus tobacco use.
Hotham63 2016 (N/A) Australia- Adelaide Illegal Illegal (Based on submission date) Qualitative Group 2 - Cannabis, Alcohol, Tobacco 104 To utilise qualitative data from investigation of the screening tool ASSIST Version 3.0 with pregnant women to help determine its appropriateness for this cohort, thus informing potential innovations to enhance the questionnaire’s utility.
Morrison64 1998 (1992-1994) United States of America- “Northwestern city” not further specified * * Quantitative Group 2 - Cannabis, Alcohol, Tobacco 255 To investigate the beliefs about substance use among pregnant and parenting adolescents.
Higgins65 1995 (1991- 1992) United States of America- New Mexico Illegal Illegal Mixed Methods Group 3 - Cannabis and other illicit substances 31 To describe the types of drugs and alcohol used by pregnant multi-substance abusers enrolled in a substance abuse and treatment programme, and to describe the types of changes in their drug-taking behaviours.
Klein66 1997 (N/A) United States of America - California Illegal Legal Quantitative Group 3 - Cannabis and other illicit substances 401 To elicit information from pregnant, substance-using women on levels and consequences of their prenatal substance use, life situations and their service providers.
Latuskie67 2018 (N/A) Canada - Ontario Illegal (based on article submission date) Legal Qualitative Group 3 - Cannabis and other illicit substances 11 To understand women’s experience using substances during pregnancy and the reasons that women continue and/or discontinue using substances.
Roberts68 2010 (2006) United States of America - California Illegal Legal Qualitative Group 3 - Cannabis and other illicit substances 38 To identify how the possibility of being identified as a pregnant alcohol and/or drug user through screening in prenatal care influence prenatal care attendance and engagement.
Roberts69 2011 (2006) United States of America - California Illegal Legal Qualitative Group 3 - Cannabis and other illicit substances 38 To identify women’s perspectives on barriers to prenatal care and seeks to understand the processes through which drug use and factors associated with drug use during pregnancy become barriers.
Van Scoyoc70 2016 (N/A) United States of America - Oregon Legal Legal Qualitative Group 3 - Cannabis and other illicit substances 15 To examine women’s beliefs about the impact of use on the developing baby and to examine the protective behaviours that women with addictions engage in during the period of time between when they first find out they are pregnant and when they begin substance abuse treatment.
Westfall71 2003 (N/A) Canada - British Columbia Illegal Legal Qualitative Group 4 - Cannabis and herbal medicines 27 To address several questions regarding the use of herbal medicine by pregnant women. What is the role of herbal medicine in pregnancy? How do pregnant women perceive herbal medicines in terms of safety? If they do use herbs, how do they make the choice to do so?
Westfall72 2004 (N/A) Canada - British Columbia Illegal Legal Qualitative Group 4 - Cannabis and herbal medicines 27 To identify which anti-emetic herbs were used within a sample of women who participated in an interview-based study of prenatal and post-natal self-care, and discussing the herbs’ historical uses, safety and efficacy.
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