Figures legends
Figure 1. The sampling map with the location of Antarctic Peninsula (A) and Deception Island, with Fumarole Bay and Whalers Bay geothermal sites highlighted (B). Distribution of collected samples across environmental gradients at studied geothermal sites are described in C for Fumarole Bay and D for Whalers Bay. In situ temperatures are represented in blue (glaciers) and orange (fumaroles). The arrow indicates the direction of low and high values of temperature, salinity and volcanic compounds, such as sulfate. Figure was retrieved from Bendia et al., 2018b.
Figure 2. Relative abundances of microbial community taxonomy based on annotation of reads from shotgun metagenomics, represented at phylum (A) and class (B) levels. Environmental temperatures and geothermal sites of each sample are represented. Taxonomy assignments were performed based on best hit classifications and M5NR (non-redundant protein database), with an e-value of <1x10-5, minimum 50 bp alignment, and 60% identity. Co-occurrence network analysis at the genus level are represented in (C), grouping triplicates of each sampling point and highlighting the increases of environmental temperatures and complexity. Complexity was calculated based on a set of measures, such as the number of nodes and edges, modularity, the number of communities, average node connectivity, average path length, diameter, and cumulative degree distribution.
Figure 3. Extended error plots for functional general profiles of microbial communities generated through annotation of metagenomic reads, visualized through STAMP based on SEED subsystems, are represented in (A). The p values were calculated using Fisher’s exact two-sided test and the confidence intervals were calculated by the method from Newcombe-Wilson. Differences were considered significant atp < 0.05. PCA ordination was performed based on functions at level 3 of the SEED subsystem (B). Heatmap is representing relative abundances of level 1 functions (C). Samples are clustered and colored according to environmental temperature, following the three different groups: 98 oC fumarole, <80oC fumaroles and glaciers.
Figure 4. Extended error plots for functional profiles regarding metabolic pathways, including sulfur, nitrogen and carbon metabolisms, and stress response, including oxidative and osmotic, and heat/cold shock responses. Profiles were visualized through STAMP based on annotation of metagenomic reads using SEED subsystems. The pvalues are represented and were calculated using Fisher’s exact two-sided test, with the confidence intervals calculated by the method from Newcombe-Wilson. Samples are clustered and colored according to environmental temperature, following the three different groups: 98oC fumaroles, <80 oC fumaroles and glaciers.
Figure 5. Spearman correlation between taxonomic profile (A) (phylum level) and functional profile (level 1 SEED subsystem) (B) and environmental parameters. Only parameters that exhibited p < 0.05 in a correlation analysis are represented. The environmental parameters are: Temp (temperature), pH, EC (electrical conductivity), B, Cu, Fe, Zn, OM (organic matter), OC (organic carbon), P, Si, Na, K, Ca, Mg, sulfate, nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate, sand, silt, and clay.
Figure 6. Functional annotation of the 11 selected metagenome-assembled genomes (MAGs), including metabolic potential (A) and adaptive strategies (B). A black circle represents the presence of genes or complete gene cluster/pathway, and a yellow circle represents incomplete gene cluster or pathway. MAGs codes are represented on the upper side of figures, whereas their taxonomic classification based on GTDB-Tk and GhostKoala are at the bottom. Genes are presented here with identifiers of KEGG Orthology (KO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) or Enzyme Commission numbers (EC).