Figures legends
Figure 1. The sampling map with the location of Antarctic Peninsula (A)
and Deception Island, with Fumarole Bay and Whalers Bay geothermal sites
highlighted (B). Distribution of collected samples across environmental
gradients at studied geothermal sites are described in C for Fumarole
Bay and D for Whalers Bay. In situ temperatures are represented
in blue (glaciers) and orange (fumaroles). The arrow indicates the
direction of low and high values of temperature, salinity and volcanic
compounds, such as sulfate. Figure was retrieved from Bendia et al.,
2018b.
Figure 2. Relative abundances of microbial community taxonomy based on
annotation of reads from shotgun metagenomics, represented at phylum (A)
and class (B) levels. Environmental temperatures and geothermal sites of
each sample are represented. Taxonomy assignments were performed based
on best hit classifications and M5NR (non-redundant protein database),
with an e-value of <1x10-5, minimum 50 bp
alignment, and 60% identity. Co-occurrence network analysis at the
genus level are represented in (C), grouping triplicates of each
sampling point and highlighting the increases of environmental
temperatures and complexity. Complexity was calculated based on a set of
measures, such as the number of nodes and edges, modularity, the number
of communities, average node connectivity, average path length,
diameter, and cumulative degree distribution.
Figure 3. Extended error plots for functional general profiles of
microbial communities generated through annotation of metagenomic reads,
visualized through STAMP based on SEED subsystems, are represented in
(A). The p values were calculated using Fisher’s exact two-sided
test and the confidence intervals were calculated by the method from
Newcombe-Wilson. Differences were considered significant atp < 0.05. PCA ordination was performed based on
functions at level 3 of the SEED subsystem (B). Heatmap is representing
relative abundances of level 1 functions (C). Samples are clustered and
colored according to environmental temperature, following the three
different groups: 98 oC fumarole, <80oC fumaroles and glaciers.
Figure 4. Extended error plots for functional profiles regarding
metabolic pathways, including sulfur, nitrogen and carbon metabolisms,
and stress response, including oxidative and osmotic, and heat/cold
shock responses. Profiles were visualized through STAMP based on
annotation of metagenomic reads using SEED subsystems. The pvalues are represented and were calculated using Fisher’s exact
two-sided test, with the confidence intervals calculated by the method
from Newcombe-Wilson. Samples are clustered and colored according to
environmental temperature, following the three different groups: 98oC fumaroles, <80 oC
fumaroles and glaciers.
Figure 5. Spearman correlation between taxonomic profile (A) (phylum
level) and functional profile (level 1 SEED subsystem) (B) and
environmental parameters. Only parameters that exhibited p <
0.05 in a correlation analysis are represented. The environmental
parameters are: Temp (temperature), pH, EC (electrical conductivity), B,
Cu, Fe, Zn, OM (organic matter), OC (organic carbon), P, Si, Na, K, Ca,
Mg, sulfate, nitrogen, ammonia, nitrate, sand, silt, and clay.
Figure 6. Functional annotation of the 11 selected metagenome-assembled
genomes (MAGs), including metabolic potential (A) and adaptive
strategies (B). A black circle represents the presence of genes or
complete gene cluster/pathway, and a yellow circle represents incomplete
gene cluster or pathway. MAGs codes are represented on the upper side of
figures, whereas their taxonomic classification based on GTDB-Tk and
GhostKoala are at the bottom. Genes are presented here with identifiers
of KEGG Orthology (KO), Clusters of Orthologous Groups (COG) or Enzyme
Commission numbers (EC).