Invasive range studied Plant invader First record of invader Pathogen First record of pathogen on invader Time to first disease observation Pathogen effect Extent of dieback in field References
South Africa Acacia cyclops 1835 Pseudolagarobasidium acaciicola 1969 100-150 85-100% mortality High (77% of plants) (Wood & Ginns 2006; Impson et al. 2011; Kotzé et al. 2015)
Austria Ailanthus altissima late 1700s Verticillium nonalfalfae 1997 >200 75-100% mortality Low (3-9% of sites) ((Maschek & Halmschlager 2016, 2017, 2018)
USA Ailanthus altissima 1784 Verticillium nonalfalfae 1915 100-150 70-100% mortality High (66% of trees infected; 47% dead) (Schall & Davis 2009; Kasson et al. 2014; O’Neal & Davis 2015; Brooks et al. 2020)
USA
Alliaria petiolata
1868-1890
Erysiphe cruciferarum
2001
100-150
100% mortality; 50% reduction in seed production
Low (30% of populations susceptible)
(Blossey et al. 2001; Enright & Cipollin 2007; Cipollini & Enright 2009; Cipollini et al. 2020)
Hungary Ambrosia artemisiifolia 1920s Septoria epambrosiae sp. nov. 1997 <100 leaves necrotic and occasionally plant death Limited research (Bohár & Schwarczinger 1999; Farr & Castlebury 2001)
Hungary Asclepias syriaca 1737 Fusarium sporotrichioides 2016 >200 disease symptoms and no seed production Limited research (Tóth et al. 2018)
USA Bromus tectorum 1860s to 1890s Pyrenophora semeniperda 2000 100-150 7-50% seed mortality Low (23% field killed seeds) (Beckstead et al. 2007; Meyer et al. 2008, 2016; Mordecai 2013)
USA Bromus tectorum 1860s to 1890s Ustilago bullata 1937 <100 ~60% infection rate Moderate (26-60% of plots) (Fischer 1937; Meyer et al. 2001, 2008; Prevéy & Seastedt 2015)
USA Centaurea maculosa* late 1800s Pseudomonas syringae pv. syringae 1995 100-150 stem necrosis and dieback Low (36% of plants) (Kearing 1996; Kearing et al. 1997)
USA Centaurea maculosa* late 1800s Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 1971 <100 0-100% mortality High (60-80% reduction in density) (Jacobs et al. 1996; Ridenour & Callaway 2003; García De la Cruz et al. 2018)
USA Centaurea diffusa 1907 Sclerotinia sclerotiorum 1971 <100 Disease symptoms Limited research (Watson et al. 1974)
South Africa Hakea sericea 1858 Colletotrichum gloeosporioides** 1969 100-150 30-98% mortality High (predicted 82% decrease) (Richardson & Manders 1985; Morris 1989, 1991; Gordon 1999; Esler et al. 2010)
USA Lonicera maackii 1898 Insolibasidium deformans 2012 100-150 50% infection; 60-83% decrease in relative growth rate Moderate (62%, 30% dead stems) (Cunnington & Pascoe 2003; Boyce et al. 2014, 2020; Boyce 2018; Klingeman et al. 2019)
USA Lythrum salicaria 1920-1939 Peyronellaea glomerata 2014 <100 64% mortality Limited research (Crocker et al. 2016)
USA
Microstegium vimineum
1919
Bipolaris sp. e.g microstegii
2009
<100
40% decrease in seed head production
Moderate (54% of sites)
(Kleczewski & Luke Flory 2010; Flory et al. 2011a; Stricker et al. 2016; Bruckart et al. 2017)
Australia Mimosa pigra 1891 Botryodiplodia*** theobromae 1988 <100 35-85% mortality Moderate (52% of sites) (Wilson & Pitkethley 1992; Sacdalan 2015)
USA Phragmites australis before 1900 Pythium phragmitis 2010 100-150 100% mortality Limited research (Crocker et al. 2015)
USA Phragmites australis before 1900 Fusarium sporotrichioides 2014 100-150 100% mortality Limited research (Crocker et al. 2016)
USA Rosa multiflora 1866 rose rosette disease (Emaravirus) 1961 <100 88-98% mortality High (86% infection, 36% decrease in population density) (Amrine et al. 1990; Epstein et al. 1997; Smith et al. 2010; Di Bello et al. 2015; Pemberton et al. 2018)
Australia
Rubus anglocandicans
mid 1800s
Phytophthora sp. e.g bilorbang sp. nov.
2005
150-200
18-55% mortality
High (90% decrease in cover)
(Aghighi et al. 2012, 2014, 2016)