Study Study design Country Follow up Population Outcome measures reported Significant findings
Davey Smith et al. 1997
Record linkage study
Scotland
15 years
794 married couples from the west of Scotland
CVD mortality
For 1 kg decrease in offspring BW, HR = 2.0 (95% CI, 1.18, 3.33) For 1 quartile increase in offspring BW, HR = 0.83 (95% CI, 0.68, 1.02) Adjusted for offspring sex, parental age Adjustment for blood pressure, cholesterol, body mass index, smoking, social class, area deprivation, lung function, bronchitis, angina and ECG evidence of CHD at baseline had only modest effects on the point estimates but reduced the statistical significance
Davey Smith et al. 2000
Record linkage study
UK
10 years
Information from birth registrations of infants during 1976-97 is linked to data from the census and death registration. Data from 44,813 women aged 15-45 years at birth registration.
CVD mortality
For 1kg decrease in offspring BW HR = 2.22 (95% CI, 1.46, 3.38) (adjusted for maternal age SES and marital status).
Davey Smith et al. 2000
Record linkage study
Finland
34 years
3706 women who gave birth to live born singletons between 1954 – 1963 and followed up through the Finnish Central population and cause of death registries
CVD mortality
For 1SD increase in offspring BW HR = 0.77 (95% CI, 0.65, 0.90) Adjusted for maternal age, height, marital status, use of private health care during pregnancy, use of hormones during pregnancy and offspring sex
Smith et al. 2001
Record linkage study
Scotland
N/A
Routine discharge data of all singleton births in Scotland between 1981-1985 linked to mothers’ subsequent admissions and deaths at 15-19 years follow up (129, 920 women)
CHD mortality
For CHD mortality comparing the lowest fifth of offspring BW with the highest four fifth: HR = 2.8 (95% CI, 1.5, 5.2) Adjusted for maternal age, height, social class and preeclampsia and offspring sex and pre term birth HR = 2.4 (95% CI, 1.3, 4.4)
Davey Smith et al. 2005
Record linkage study
Sweden
Average 20.4 years
Data from the Swedish Medical Birth register for all 783,814 children born in Sweden between 1973 - 1980 were linked with parents’ death records (783,340 women)
CVD mortality CHD mortality For 1SD (0.53kg) increase in offspring BW, Gestational age adjusted CVD mortality, HR = 0.75 (0.70 – 0.80) Gestational age adjusted CHD mortality, HR = 0.72 (0.65 – 0.80)
Davey Smith et al. 2007
Record linkage study
UK
26.2-27.5
12,086 women from the 1958 British Birth Cohort
CHD mortality
CHD mortality For a 1-SD increase in BW; HR = 0.80 (95% CI: 0.74, 0.87) After adjustment for: birth year, offspring gestational age, social class in 1958, maternal parity, preeclamptic pregnancy, maternal height and BMI in 1958, maternal smoking during pregnancy HR = 0.84 (95% CI: 0.77, 0.91)
Li et al. 2010
Record linkage
Taiwan
30 years
Linkage of data of 1,400,383 women with singleton births recorded in the Taiwan Birth Registry between 1978-2006 with mortality data recorded in the Taiwan Death Registry
CVD mortality
CVD mortality for: (a)1 SD increase in offspring BW: HRa = 0.89 (95% CI, 0.85, 0.94) (b)Offspring BW<2500g HR = 1.93 (95% CI, 1.65, 2.27) HRa = 1.85 (95% CI, 1.57, 2.18) (c) SGA Offspring HR = 1.38 (95% CI, 1.19, 1.59) HRa = 1.31 (95% CI, 1.13, 1.52) aAdjusted for gestational age, year of offspring birth, urbanization of residential area and parental ages, education levels, employment status, marital status at the time of offspring birth
Pariente et al. 2013
Record linkage study
Israel
N/A
Perinatal database of women who delivered between Jan 1988-Dec 1998 was linked with hospitalization data collected up until 31 Dec 2010. SGA was defined as BW below the 10th population centile Risk for mortality due to CVD among those who delivered SGA infants (n=4414) was compared with those who delivered non-SGA infants (n=47612)
CVD mortality
After adjusting for diabetes, preeclampsia obesity, maternal age, and ethnicity, SGA was associated with increased cardiovascular mortality (adjusted HR 3.5, 95% CI, 1.5-8.2
Ngo et al. 2015
Record linkage
Australia
Median 7.4 years
Linkage of data of 812,732 women using four databases: Perinatal data collection (birth data), admitted patient data collection (hospital data), registrar of births, deaths and marriages (death data), Australian Bureau of Statistics (cause of death data)
CVD occurence
Compared to women of non-SGA infants, first occurrence of CVD among women of (a) Moderate SGA infants (3rd -10th percentile) HRa = 1.36 (95% CI, 1.23, 1.49) (b)Severe SGA infants (<3rd percentile) HRa = 1.66 (95% CI, 1.47, 1.87) (c) One SGA infant HRa = 1.42 (95% CI, 1.30, 1.54) (d) Two SGA infants HRa = 1.65 (95% CI, 1.34, 2.03) (e) ≥ three SGA infants HRa = 2.42 (95% CI, 1.52, 3.85) aAdjusted for maternal age at index birth, parity, country of birth, socioeconomic status, chronic and pregnancy hypertension, pre-gestational and gestational diabetes, maternal smoking during pregnancy
Shaikh et al. 2019
Record linkage study
Norway
Mean follow up time 47 ± 5 years Mean age at follow up 55 ± 10.4 years
Linkage of data from cardiovascular health surveys, the medical birth registry, the cause of death registry, the educational registry and a multigenerational database containing information on familial relationships for the whole population of Norway. Offspring born between 1967-2012 were included
CVD mortality
(a) CVD mortality for 1 SD increase in offspring BW (b) CVD mortality in women who had SGA vs AGA offspring Model 1: adjusted for maternal age at offspring birth (a) HR = 0.72 (95% CI, 0.69, 0.75) (b) HR = 2.02 (95% CI, 1.85, 2.21) Model 2: adjusted for model 1 + offspring year of birth, mother’s parity, mother’s diseases before and during pregnancy, diseases in offspring (a) HR = 0.74 (95% CI, 0.71, 0.78) (b) HR = 1.87 (95% CI, 1.71, 2.05) Model 3: adjusted for model 1+2 + parental marital status, educational level in parents (a) HR = 0.77 (95% CI, 0.74, 0.80) (b) HR = 1.74 (95% CI, 1.59, 1.91)