References
1. Kwok CS, Loke YK, Hale R, Potter JF and Myint PK. Atrial fibrillation and incidence of dementia: a systematic review and meta-analysis.Neurology . 2011;76:914-22.
2. Kalantarian S, Stern TA, Mansour M and Ruskin JN. Cognitive impairment associated with atrial fibrillation: a meta-analysis.Ann Intern Med . 2013;158:338-46.
3. Conen D, Rodondi N, Muller A, Beer JH, Ammann P, Moschovitis G, Auricchio A, Hayoz D, Kobza R, Shah D, Novak J, Schlapfer J, Di Valentino M, Aeschbacher S, Blum S, Meyre P, Sticherling C, Bonati LH, Ehret G, Moutzouri E, Fischer U, Monsch AU, Stippich C, Wuerfel J, Sinnecker T, Coslovsky M, Schwenkglenks M, Kuhne M, Osswald S and Swiss AFSI. Relationships of Overt and Silent Brain Lesions With Cognitive Function in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. J Am Coll Cardiol . 2019;73:989-999.
4. Kühnea M, Krisaia P, Coslovsky M, Rodondid N, Müllerf A, Beerg JH, Ammannh P, Auricchioi A, Moschovitisj G, Hayozk D, Kobzal R, Shahm D, Stephann FP, Schläpfero J, Di Valentinop M, Aeschbachera S, Ehretm G, Ekena C, Monschq A, Rotenr L, Schwenkglenkss M, Springera A, Sticherlinga C, Reichlinr T, Zuerna CS, Meyrea PB, Bluma S, Sinneckero T, Würfelv J, Bonatio LH, Conen D, Osswalda S and Investigators S-A. Brain Damage and Change in Cognitive Function in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation. Eur Heart J . 2021;(in press).
5. Granger CB, Alexander JH, McMurray JJ, Lopes RD, Hylek EM, Hanna M, Al-Khalidi HR, Ansell J, Atar D, Avezum A, Bahit MC, Diaz R, Easton JD, Ezekowitz JA, Flaker G, Garcia D, Geraldes M, Gersh BJ, Golitsyn S, Goto S, Hermosillo AG, Hohnloser SH, Horowitz J, Mohan P, Jansky P, Lewis BS, Lopez-Sendon JL, Pais P, Parkhomenko A, Verheugt FW, Zhu J, Wallentin L, Committees A and Investigators. Apixaban versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med . 2011;365:981-92.
6. Connolly SJ, Ezekowitz MD, Yusuf S, Eikelboom J, Oldgren J, Parekh A, Pogue J, Reilly PA, Themeles E, Varrone J, Wang S, Alings M, Xavier D, Zhu J, Diaz R, Lewis BS, Darius H, Diener HC, Joyner CD, Wallentin L, Committee R-LS and Investigators. Dabigatran versus warfarin in patients with atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med . 2009;361:1139-51.
7. Patel MR, Mahaffey KW, Garg J, Pan G, Singer DE, Hacke W, Breithardt G, Halperin JL, Hankey GJ, Piccini JP, Becker RC, Nessel CC, Paolini JF, Berkowitz SD, Fox KA, Califf RM and Investigators RA. Rivaroxaban versus warfarin in nonvalvular atrial fibrillation. N Engl J Med . 2011;365:883-91.
8. Friberg L and Rosenqvist M. Less dementia with oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J . 2018;39:453-460.
9. Jacobs V, May HT, Bair TL, Crandall BG, Cutler MJ, Day JD, Mallender C, Osborn JS, Stevens SM, Weiss JP, Woller SC and Bunch TJ. Long-Term Population-Based Cerebral Ischemic Event and Cognitive Outcomes of Direct Oral Anticoagulants Compared With Warfarin Among Long-term Anticoagulated Patients for Atrial Fibrillation. Am J Cardiol . 2016;118:210-4.
10. Dagres N, Chao TF, Fenelon G, Aguinaga L, Benhayon D, Benjamin EJ, Bunch TJ, Chen LY, Chen SA, Darrieux F, de Paola A, Fauchier L, Goette A, Kalman J, Kalra L, Kim YH, Lane DA, Lip GYH, Lubitz SA, Márquez MF, Potpara T, Pozzer DL, Ruskin JN, Savelieva I, Teo WS, Tse HF, Verma A, Zhang S and Chung MK. European Heart Rhythm Association (EHRA)/Heart Rhythm Society (HRS)/Asia Pacific Heart Rhythm Society (APHRS)/Latin American Heart Rhythm Society (LAHRS) expert consensus on arrhythmias and cognitive function: what is the best practice? Heart Rhythm . 2018;15:e37-e60.
11. Lee SR, Choi EK, Park SH, Jung JH, Han KD, Oh S and Lip GYH. Comparing Warfarin and 4 Direct Oral Anticoagulants for the Risk of Dementia in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation. Stroke . 2021;52:3459-3468.
12. Lip GY, Nieuwlaat R, Pisters R, Lane DA and Crijns HJ. Refining clinical risk stratification for predicting stroke and thromboembolism in atrial fibrillation using a novel risk factor-based approach: the euro heart survey on atrial fibrillation. Chest . 2010;137:263-72.
13. Bunch TJ, Jacobs V, May H, Stevens SM, Crandall B, Cutler M, Day JD, Mallender C, Olson J, Osborn J, Weiss JP and Woller SC. Rationale and design of the impact of anticoagulation therapy on the Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Patients with Nonvalvular Atrial Fibrillation (CAF) Trial: A Vanguard study. Clin Cardiol . 2019;42:506-512.
14. Yates PA, Villemagne VL, Ellis KA, Desmond PM, Masters CL and Rowe CC. Cerebral microbleeds: a review of clinical, genetic, and neuroimaging associations. Frontiers in neurology . 2014;4:205.
15. Poels MM, Vernooij MW, Ikram MA, Hofman A, Krestin GP, van der Lugt A and Breteler MM. Prevalence and risk factors of cerebral microbleeds: an update of the Rotterdam scan study. Stroke . 2010;41:S103-6.
16. Kim M, Bae HJ, Lee J, Kang L, Lee S, Kim S, Lee JE, Lee KM, Yoon BW, Kwon O, Koo JS and Kim BK. APOE epsilon2/epsilon4 polymorphism and cerebral microbleeds on gradient-echo MRI. Neurology . 2005;65:1474-5.
17. Yamada M. Cerebral amyloid angiopathy and gene polymorphisms.J Neurol Sci . 2004;226:41-4.
18. Biffi A, Shulman JM, Jagiella JM, Cortellini L, Ayres AM, Schwab K, Brown DL, Silliman SL, Selim M, Worrall BB, Meschia JF, Slowik A, De Jager PL, Greenberg SM, Schneider JA, Bennett DA and Rosand J. Genetic variation at CR1 increases risk of cerebral amyloid angiopathy.Neurology . 2012;78:334-41.
19. Bunch TJ. Atrial Fibrillation and Dementia. Circulation . 2020;142:618-620.
20. Klein KA, Addis KM and Kahana MJ. A comparative analysis of serial and free recall. Mem Cognit . 2005;33:833-9.
21. Toorop MMA, Chen Q, Tichelaar V, Cannegieter SC and Lijfering WM. Predictors, time course, and outcomes of persistence patterns in oral anticoagulation for non-valvular atrial fibrillation: a Dutch Nationwide Cohort Study. Eur Heart J . 2021;42:4126-4137.
22. Jacobs V, Woller SC, Stevens S, May HT, Bair TL, Anderson JL, Crandall BG, Day JD, Johanning K, Long Y, Mallender C, Olson JL, Osborn JS, Weiss JP and Bunch TJ. Time outside of therapeutic range in atrial fibrillation patients is associated with long-term risk of dementia.Heart Rhythm . 2014;11:2206-13.
23. Friberg L and Rosenqvist M. Less dementia with oral anticoagulation in atrial fibrillation. Eur Heart J . 2017.
24. Mone P, Trimarco B and Santulli G. Aspirin, NOACs, Warfarin: which is the best choice to tackle cognitive decline in elderly patients? Insights from the GIRAF and ASCEND-Dementia trials presented at the AHA 2021. Eur Heart J Cardiovasc Pharmacother . 2021.
25. Ozaki AF, Choi AS, Le QT, Ko DT, Han JK, Park SS and Jackevicius CA. Real-World Adherence and Persistence to Direct Oral Anticoagulants in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Circ Cardiovasc Qual Outcomes . 2020;13:e005969.
26. Chen N, Brooks MM and Hernandez I. Latent Classes of Adherence to Oral Anticoagulation Therapy Among Patients With a New Diagnosis of Atrial Fibrillation. JAMA Netw Open . 2020;3:e1921357.
Table 1 . Baseline characteristics of all randomized patients stratified by treatment arm.