P-values from Fisher’s exact tests
Categorical covariate: n (%)
HUI gain <0.1 n=56 HUI gain ≥0.1 n=81
P-value
Female 37 (66.1) 52 (64.2) 0.857
Right hand side implant 44 (78.6) 53 (65.4) 0.126
Implant side imaging indicates anomaly 6 (11.1) 6 (7.4) 0.542
Language Afrikaans English Other 18 (32.1) 26 (46.4) 12 (21.4) 16 (19.8) 54 (66.7) 11 (13.6)
0.061
Additional handicaps 3 (5.4) 1 (1.2) 0.305
Tinnitus present at baseline 26 (46.4) 44 (54.3) 0.389
Dizziness present at baseline 32 (57.1) 44 (54.3) 0.861
Onset of deafness Progressive Sudden 39 (70.9) 16 (29.1) 60 (74.1) 21 (25.9)
0.699
Hearing loss degree (implant side) Profound Not profound 44 (78.6) 12 (21.4) 72 (88.9) 9 (11.1)
0.147
Hearing loss degree (contralateral) Profound Not profound 43 (76.8) 13 (23.2) 65 (80.2) 16 (19.8)
0.674
Duration of deafness ≤13 years 14-24 years 25-37 years 38+ years 11 (0.20) 17 (0.31) 15 (0.27) 12 (0.22) 26 (0.32) 21 (0.26) 18 (0.22) 16 (0.20)
0.481
Hearing aid use in the contralateral ear at baseline 18 (32.1) 33 (40.7) 0.489
Age group 18-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65-91 15 (26.8) 8 (14.3) 8 (14.3) 8 (14.3) 17 (30.4) 9 (11.1) 16 (19.8) 17 (21.0) 15 (18.5) 24 (29.6)
0.187
No telephone use 24 (42.9) 51 (63.0) 0.024
Etiology* 0.560
Congenital onset of deafness 15 (27.3) 16 (19.8) 0.405
Usefulness of implant side hearing aid Marginally or not at all Moderately or more 28 (65.1) 15 (34.9) 48 (78.7) 13 (21.3)
0.178
Usefulness of contralateral hearing aid Marginally or not at all Moderately or more 17 (40.5) 25 (59.5) 35 (59.3) 24 (40.7)
0.072
HUI3 attribute vision Able to read with glasses or better Unable to read with glasses or worse 54 (96.4) 2 (3.6) 77 (95.1) 4 (4.9)
1.000
HUI3 attribute hearing Able to hear group with a hearing aid or better Unable to hear group with hearing aid or worse 33 (58.9) 23 (41.1) 14 (17.3) 67 (82.7)
<0.001
HUI3 attribute speech Able to be understood partially by strangers or better Unable to be understood by strangers or worse 49 (87.5) 7 (12.5) 58 (71.6) 23 (28.4)
0.035
HUI3 attribute ambulation Able to walk neighbourhood aided or unaided Walk short distances only or requires wheelchair 55 (98.2) 1 (1.8) 77 (95.1) 4 (4.9)
0.648
HUI3 attribute dexterity Limitations but independent or no limitations Not independent 54 (96.4) 2 (3.6) 81 (100) 1 (0)
0.165
HUI3 attribute emotion Somewhat happy or better Somewhat unhappy or worse 50 (89.2) 6 (10.7) 59 (72.8) 22 (27.2)
0.030
HUI3 attribute cognition Forgetful but thinks clearly or not forgetful Forgetful with difficulties or can’t remember at all 51 (91.1) 5 (8.9) 70 (86.4) 11 (13.6)
0.590
HUI3 attribute pain Mild or no pain; no activities prevented Moderate or more pain; activities prevented 47 (83.9) 9 (16.1) 63 (77.8) 18 (22.2)
0.513