Author Contributions:
SI performed, analyzed, interpreted experiments, and wrote the manuscript. KW supervised experiments and edited the manuscript. MM performed experiments. YO performed experiments, contributed to technical help, and edited the manuscript. AF designed, analyzed, supervised experiments, and edited the manuscript. CN edited the manuscript. All authors revised and approved the final version.
IRB approval status: The study protocol was approved by the Institutional Review Board (Kobe University; No. B190182).
References
1. Fishbein AB, Silverberg JI, Wilson EJ, Ong PY. Update on Atopic Dermatitis: Diagnosis, Severity Assessment, and Treatment Selection. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2020; 8:91-101.
2. Mastrorilli C, Caffarelli C, Hoffmann-Sommergruber K. Food allergy and atopic dermatitis: Prediction, progression, and prevention. Pediatr Allergy Immunol 2017; 28:831-40.
3. Siracusa MC, Kim BS, Spergel JM, Artis D. Basophils and allergic inflammation. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:789-801; quiz 788.
4. Siracusa MC, Comeau MR, Artis D. New insights into basophil biology: initiators, regulators, and effectors of type 2 inflammation. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences 2011; 1217:166-77.
5. Kim BS, Wang K, Siracusa MC, Saenz SA, Brestoff JR, Monticelli LA, et al. Basophils promote innate lymphoid cell responses in inflamed skin. J Immunol 2014; 193:3717-25.
6. Leyva-Castillo JM, Hener P, Michea P, Karasuyama H, Chan S, Soumelis V, et al. Skin thymic stromal lymphopoietin initiates Th2 responses through an orchestrated immune cascade. Nat Commun 2013; 4:2847.
7. Obata K, Mukai K, Tsujimura Y, Ishiwata K, Kawano Y, Minegishi Y, et al. Basophils are essential initiators of a novel type of chronic allergic inflammation. Blood 2007; 110:913-20.
8. Ito Y, Satoh T, Takayama K, Miyagishi C, Walls AF, Yokozeki H. Basophil recruitment and activation in inflammatory skin diseases. Allergy 2011; 66:1107-13.
9. Hennersdorf F, Florian S, Jakob A, Baumgärtner K, Sonneck K, Nordheim A, et al. Identification of CD13, CD107a, and CD164 as novel basophil-activation markers and dissection of two response patterns in time kinetics of IgE-dependent upregulation. Cell Res 2005; 15:325-35.
10. Ebo DG, Bridts CH, Mertens CH, Hagendorens MM, Stevens WJ, De Clerck LS. Analyzing histamine release by flow cytometry (HistaFlow): a novel instrument to study the degranulation patterns of basophils. J Immunol Methods 2012; 375:30-8.
11. Altrich ML, Halsey JF, Altman LC. Comparison of the in vivo autologous skin test with in vitro diagnostic tests for diagnosis of chronic autoimmune urticaria. Allergy Asthma Proc 2009; 30:28-34.
12. Sánchez J, Cardona R. Effect of immunotherapy on basophil activation induced by allergens in patients with atopic dermatitis. Rev Alerg Mex 2014; 61:168-77.
13. Branco A, Yoshikawa FSY, Pietrobon AJ, Sato MN. Role of Histamine in Modulating the Immune Response and Inflammation. Mediators Inflamm 2018; 2018:9524075.
14. Stone KD, Prussin C, Metcalfe DD. IgE, mast cells, basophils, and eosinophils. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2010; 125:S73-80.
15. Jensen BM, Dissing S, Skov PS, Poulsen LK. A comparative study of the FcepsilonRI molecule on human mast cell and basophil cell lines. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2005; 137:93-103.
16. Koketsu R, Yamaguchi M, Suzukawa M, Tanaka Y, Tashimo H, Arai H, et al. Pretreatment with low levels of FcεRI-crosslinking stimulation enhances basophil mediator release. Int Arch Allergy Immunol 2013; 161 Suppl 2:23-31.
17. Luquin E, Kaplan AP, Ferrer M. Increased responsiveness of basophils of patients with chronic urticaria to sera but hypo-responsiveness to other stimuli. Clin Exp Allergy 2005; 35:456-60.
18. Toru H, Ra C, Nonoyama S, Suzuki K, Yata J, Nakahata T. Induction of the high-affinity IgE receptor (Fc epsilon RI) on human mast cells by IL-4. Int Immunol 1996; 8:1367-73.
19. Sihra BS, Kon OM, Grant JA, Kay AB. Expression of high-affinity IgE receptors (Fc epsilon RI) on peripheral blood basophils, monocytes, and eosinophils in atopic and nonatopic subjects: relationship to total serum IgE concentrations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 1997; 99:699-706.
20. MacGlashan DW, Jr., Bochner BS, Adelman DC, Jardieu PM, Togias A, McKenzie-White J, et al. Down-regulation of Fc(epsilon)RI expression on human basophils during in vivo treatment of atopic patients with anti-IgE antibody. J Immunol 1997; 158:1438-45.
21. MacGlashan D, Jr, McKenzie-White J, Chichester K, Bochner BS, Davis FM, Schroeder JT, et al. In Vitro Regulation of FcRIα Expression on Human Basophils by IgE Antibody. Blood 1998; 91:1633-43.
22. Zedan K, Rasheed Z, Farouk Y, Alzolibani AA, Bin Saif G, Ismail HA, et al. Immunoglobulin e, interleukin-18 and interleukin-12 in patients with atopic dermatitis: correlation with disease activity. J Clin Diagn Res 2015; 9:Wc01-5.
23. Jaworek AK, Szafraniec K, Jaworek M, Hałubiec P, Wojas-Pelc A. The level of total immunoglobulin E as an indicator of disease grade in adults with severe atopic dermatitis. Pol Merkur Lekarski 2019; 47:217-20.
24. Hu Y, Liu S, Liu P, Mu Z, Zhang J. Clinical relevance of eosinophils, basophils, serum total IgE level, allergen-specific IgE, and clinical features in atopic dermatitis. J Clin Lab Anal 2020:e23214.
25. Holm JG, Thomsen SF. Omalizumab for atopic dermatitis: evidence for and against its use. G Ital Dermatol Venereol 2019; 154:480-7.
26. Zeller S, Rhyner C, Meyer N, Schmid-Grendelmeier P, Akdis CA, Crameri R. Exploring the repertoire of IgE-binding self-antigens associated with atopic eczema. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2009; 124:278-85, 85 e1-7.
27. Gyimesi E, Sipka S, Danko K, Kiss E, Hidvegi B, Gal M, et al. Basophil CD63 expression assay on highly sensitized atopic donor leucocytes-a useful method in chronic autoimmune urticaria. Br J Dermatol 2004; 151:388-96.
28. Yanase Y, Matsuo Y, Kawaguchi T, Ishii K, Tanaka A, Iwamoto K, et al. Activation of Human Peripheral Basophils in Response to High IgE Antibody Concentrations without Antigens. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 20.
29. Eichenfield LF, Tom WL, Chamlin SL, Feldman SR, Hanifin JM, Simpson EL, et al. Guidelines of care for the management of atopic dermatitis: section 1. Diagnosis and assessment of atopic dermatitis. J Am Acad Dermatol 2014; 70:338-51.
30. Katoh N, Ohya Y, Ikeda M, Ebihara T, Katayama I, Saeki H, et al. Japanese guidelines for atopic dermatitis 2020. Allergol Int 2020.
31. Hemmings O, Kwok M, McKendry R, Santos AF. Basophil Activation Test: Old and New Applications in Allergy. Curr Allergy Asthma Rep 2018; 18:77.
32. Lexmond W, der Mee J, Ruiter F, Platzer B, Stary G, Yen EH, et al. Development and validation of a standardized ELISA for the detection of soluble Fc-epsilon-RI in human serum. J Immunol Methods 2011; 373:192-9.
33. Oda Y, Fukunaga A, Washio K, Imamura S, Hatakeyama M, Ogura K, et al. Low Responsiveness of Basophils via FcepsilonRI Reflects Disease Activity in Chronic Spontaneous Urticaria. J Allergy Clin Immunol Pract 2019; 7:2835-44 e7.
34. MacGlashan D. Expression of CD203c and CD63 in human basophils: relationship to differential regulation of piecemeal and anaphylactic degranulation processes. Clinical and Experimental Allergy 2010; 40:1365-77.
35. Chopra R, Vakharia PP, Sacotte R, Patel N, Immaneni S, White T, et al. Severity strata for Eczema Area and Severity Index (EASI), modified EASI, Scoring Atopic Dermatitis (SCORAD), objective SCORAD, Atopic Dermatitis Severity Index and body surface area in adolescents and adults with atopic dermatitis. Br J Dermatol 2017; 177:1316-21.
36. Thijs JL, de Bruin-Weller MS, Hijnen D. Current and Future Biomarkers in Atopic Dermatitis. Immunol Allergy Clin North Am 2017; 37:51-61.
37. Gauchat JF, Henchoz S, Mazzei G, Aubry JP, Brunner T, Blasey H, et al. Induction of human IgE synthesis in B cells by mast cells and basophils. Nature 1993; 365:340-3.
38. Valent P, Besemer J, Kishi K, Di Padova F, Geissler K, Lechner K, et al. Human basophils express interleukin-4 receptors. Blood 1990; 76:1734-8.
39. Reinhart R, Kaufmann T. IL-4 enhances survival of in vitro-differentiated mouse basophils through transcription-independent signaling downstream of PI3K. Cell Death Dis 2018; 9:713.
40. Kim JE, Kim JS, Cho DH, Park HJ. Molecular Mechanisms of Cutaneous Inflammatory Disorder: Atopic Dermatitis. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17.
41. Kabashima K, Nakashima C, Nonomura Y, Otsuka A, Cardamone C, Parente R, et al. Biomarkers for evaluation of mast cell and basophil activation. Immunol Rev 2018; 282:114-20.
42. Klonowska J, Glen J, Nowicki RJ, Trzeciak M. New Cytokines in the Pathogenesis of Atopic Dermatitis-New Therapeutic Targets. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19.