References:

Akindele, AJ. Ibe, IF. Adeyemi, OO. (2012). Analgesic and antipyretic activities of Drymaria cordata (Linn.) Willd (Caryophyllaceae) extract. Afr J Tradit Complem, 9(1), 25-35. Alarcon-Aguilara, FJ. Roman-Ramos, R. Perez-Gutierrez, S. Aguilar-Contreras, A. Contreras-Weber, Flores-Saenz, JL. (1998). Study of the anti-hyperglycemic effect of plants used as antidiabetics. J Ethnopharmacol, 61(2), 101-110. El-Feki, MA. Radwan, ZA. Abdel-Monaiem, AA. Salah, E. (1997). Effect of Nigella sativa and fish oil on alloxan diabetic rats 2-Immunological studies. J Egyp Germ Soc Zool, 23,161-186. Frode, TS. Medeiros, YS. (2008). Animal models to test drugs with potential antidiabetic activity. J Ethnopharmacol, 115, 173-83. Ganong, WF. (2003). Renal function and micturition. In, Review of Medical Physiology, 21st edn. Lange Medical Books/McGraw Hill, New York, pp 702-732. Gayathri, M. Kannabiran, (2009). Hypoglycemic effect of 2- hydroxyl 4- methoxy benzoic acid isolated from the roots of Hemidesus indicus on streptozotocininduced diabetic rats. Pharmacologyonline, 1,144-154. Khan, V. Najmi, AK. Akhtar, M. Aqil, M. Mujeeb, M. Pillai, KK. (2012). A pharmacological appraisal of medicinal plants with antidiabetic potential. J Pharm Bioallied Sci, 4(1), 27. Kim, YM. Jeong, YK. Wang, MH. Lee, WY. Rhee, HI. (2005). Inhibitory effect of pine extract on alpha-glucosidase activity andpostprandial hyperglycemia. Nutrition, 21, 756-761. Koga, S. Kawaguchi, H. Kishimoto, H. Tanaka, K. Miyano, Y. Kimura, O. Nishidoi, H. (1980). Therapeutic significance of noncurative gastrectomy for gastric cancer with liver metastasis. Am J Surg 140(3), 356-359. Kollar, LD. Roan, JG. (1980). Response, of lymphocytes from lead, cadmium and methyl mercury exposed in the mixed lymphocyte culture, J Environ Pathol Toxicol, 4(4), 393 – 398. Miller, GL. (1959). Use of Dinitrosalicylic Acid Reagent for Determination of Reducing Sugar Anal Chem, 31(3), 426-428. Mughal, TA. Saleem, MZ. Ali, S. Anwar, KK. Bashir, MM. Babar, M. khan, MA. (2019). Evaluation of Hepatotoxicity of Carbon Tetrachloride and Pharmacological Intervention by Vitamin E in Balb C mice. Pakistan J Zoo, 51,755-61. Palanivel, R. Thangavel, M. Selvendiran, K. Sakthisekaran, D. (2001). Insulino-mimetic effect of ammonium paratungstate on protein metabolismin in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rates. Biomed Trivan Taram, 21(2/3), 23-30. Rajasekaran, S. Sivagnanam, K. Subramanian, S. (2005). Antioxidant effect of Aloe vera gel extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetes in rats. Pharmacol Rep, 57(1), 90-6. Rajkumar, L. Govindarajulu, P. (1991). Increased degradation of dermal collagen in diabetic rats. Indian J Exp Biol, 29, 1081-83. Rao, GM. Morghmom, LO. Kabur, MN. Mohamed, BBM. Ashibani, K. (1989). Serum Glutamic Oxaloacetic Transaminase (GOT) and Glutamic Pyruvic Transaminase (GPT) levels in diabetes mellitus. Indian J Med Sci, 43, 118-21. Sen, A. Hone, AN. Clarkson, PA. (2005). Darboux transformations and the symmetric fourth Painleve equation. J Phys A, 38(45), 9751. Shabbir, A. Shahzad, M. Arfat, Y. Ali, L. Aziz, RS. Murtaza, G. Waqar, SA. Alamgeer, (2012). Berberis lycium Royle, A review of its traditional uses, phytochemistry and pharmacology. Afr J Pharm Pharmacol, 6, 2346-53. Shakoori, AR. Oberdorf, AM. Owen, TA. Weber, LA. Hickey, E. Stein, JL. Stein, GS. (1992). Expression of heat shock genes during differentiation of mammalian osteoblasts and promyelocytic leukemia cells. J Cell Biochem, 48(3), 277-287. Sharma, SB. Nasir, A. Prabhu, KM. Murthy, PS. Dev, G. (2009). Hypoglycaemic and hypolipidemic effect of ethanolic extract of seeds of Eugenia jambolana in alloxan-induced diabetic rabbits. J Ethnopharmacol, 83, 201-206. Shyamala, MP. Venukumar, MR. Latha, MS. (2003). Antioxidant potential of the Syzygium aromaticum (Gaertn.) Linn. cloves in rats fed with high fat diet. Indian J Pharmacol, 35, 99-103. Somnath, S. Kar, N. Sharma, PSVN. Rao, G. (2001). Post is charge dropout of alcoholics – A naturalistic study in a general Hospital Setting. Indian J Psychiatry, 43, 225-29. Surana, SJ. Gokhale, SB. Jadhav, RB. Sawant, RL. Wadekar, JB. (2008). Antihyperglycemic activity of various fractions of Cassia auriculata Linn in alloxan diabetic rats. Indian J Pharm Sci, 70(2), 227. Wu, Y. Ding, Y. Tanaka, Y. Zhang, W. (2014). Risk factors contributing to type 2 diabetes and recent advances in the treatment and prevention. Int J Res Med Sci, 11(11), 1185.Figure legends:
Figure 1: Research plan for antidiabetic activity.
Figure 2: (a ) α-amylase inhibition assay and (b) α glucosidase inhibition activity
Figure 3: (a) Changes in blood glucose level, (b)Changes in body mass, (c) Changes in blood insulin level.
Key: adepicts variance between group I and II. bdepicts variance between group II and III.cdepicts variance between group II and IV. Each bar signifies the mean value of five replicates and SEM. Arithmetical icons: aaa, bbb, ccc=p ≤ 0.001.
Figure 4: Analysis of lipid profile.
Key: adepicts variance between group I and II.bdepicts variance between group II and III.cdepicts variance between group II and IV. Each bar signifies the mean value of five replicates and SEM. Arithmetical icons: cc= p ≤ 0.01; aaa, bbb, ccc=p ≤ 0.001.
Figure 5: Analysis of liver function markers.
Key: adepicts variance between group I and II.bdepicts variance between group II and III.cdepicts variance between group II and IV. Each bar signifies the mean value of five replicates and SEM. Arithmetical icons: b, c= p ≤ 0.05, bb= p ≤ 0.01, aaa, bbb, ccc = p ≤ 0.001.
Figure 6: Analysis of renal function markers.
Key: adepicts variance between group I and II.bdepicts variance between group II and III.cdepicts variance between group II and IV. Each bar signifies the mean value of five replicates and SEM. Arithmetical icons: b = p ≤ 0.05, cc= p ≤ 0.01, aaa, bbb, ccc = p ≤ 0.001.
Figure 7: Analysis of liver antioxidants.
Key: adepicts variance between group I and II.bdepicts variance between group II and III.cdepicts variance between group II and IV. Each bar signifies the mean value of five replicates and SEM. Arithmetical icons: b = p ≤ 0.05, aaa, bbb, ccc = p ≤ 0.001.
Figure 8: Hematology.
Key: adepicts variance between group I and II.bdepicts variance between group II and III.cdepicts
variance between group II and IV. Each bar signifies the mean value of five replicates and SEM. Arithmetical icons: a, c= p ≤ 0.05, aa, bb,cc= p ≤ 0.01, aaa, bbb, ccc = p ≤ 0.001.
Figure 9 (a): Histopathology of pancreas. IL: Islets of Langerhans; Ac: Acini; Pd: Pancreatic duct; Int. LD: Intralobular duct. (b): Histopathology of liver. CV: Central vein.
(c): Histopathology of kidney. gl: Glomerulus; *: damage in glomerulus