REFERENCES:
  1. Bartle S, Rice M. Overrepresentation of aboriginal children in acute myeloid leukaemia: the experience of one institution. Journal of Paediatrics and child health 2000;36(3).
  2. Rotte L, Hansford J, Kirby M, Osborn M, Suppiah R, Ritchie P, Tapp H, Rice M, Revesz T. Cancer in Australian Aboriginal children: Room for Improvement. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health2012:49(1).
  3. Valery P, Youlden D, Baade P, Ward L, Green A, Aitken J. Cancer survival in Indigenous and non-Indigenous Australian children: what is the difference? Cancer Causes Control 2013:24:2099-2016.
  4. Dachs G, Currie M, McKenzie F, Jeffreys M, Cox B, Foliaki S, le Marchand L, Robinson B. Cancer disparities in Indigenous Polynesian populations: Maori, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific People. The Lancet 2008:9:473-484.
  5. Douglas N, Dockerty J. Survival by ethnicity for children diagnosed with cancer in New Zealand during 1990-1993. Journal of Paediatrics and Child Health 2007: 43:173-177.
  6. Kadan-Lottick N, Ness K, Bhatia S, Gurney J. Survival variability by race and ethnicity in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia.JAMA 2003:290:2008-2014
  7. Ries L, Smith M, Gurney J et al. Cancer incidence and Survival Among Children and Adolescents: United States SEER Program 1975-1995. Bethesda, MD. National Cancer Institute , 1999, SEER Program, NIH Pub. No. 99-4649.
  8. Bhatia S, Sather H, Heerema N, Trigg M, Gaynon P, Robison L. Racial and ethnic differences in survival of children with acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Blood 2002:100:1957-1964.
  9. Youlden D, Baade P, Valery P, Ward L, Green A, Aitken J. Differentials in Survival for Childhood Cancer in Australia by Remoteness of Residence and Area Disadvantage. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 2011:20(8):1649-1656.
  10. Swerdlow S, Campo E, Harris N, Jaffe E, Pileri S, Stein H, Thiele J. World Health Organisation Classification of Tumours. WHO Classification of Tumours of Haematopoietic and Lymphoid Tissues. Revised 4th Edition. Lyon. 2017:10-12.
  11. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Australian Statistical Geography Standard (ASGS): Volume 5 - Remoteness Structure, July 2016. Cat No. 1270.0.55.005. Canberra, Australia: ABS; 2018.
  12. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Census of Population and Housing: Socio-Economic Indexes for Areas (SEIFA), Australia, 2016. Cat No. 2033.0.55.001. Canberra, Australia: ABS; 2018.
  13. Valery P, McBride C. Sustainable care for indigenous children with cancer. The Lancet Oncology 2020:21. 489-491.
  14. Australian Bureau of Statistics. Estimates of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Australians, June 2016. Cat No. 3238.0.55.001. Canberra, Australia: ABS; 2018.
  15. Youlden D, Baade P, Valery P, Hassal T, Ward L, Green A, Aitken J. Area-based Differentials in Childhood Cancer Incidence in Australia, 1996-2006. Pediatric Blood and Cancer 2012:58:390-394.
  16. Gupta S, Wilejto M, Pole J, Guttmann A, Sung L. Low Socioeconomic Status Is Associated with Worse Survival in Children with Cancer: A Systematic Review. Socioeconomic Status and Childhood Cancer2014:9(2):1-13.
  17. Youlden D, Aitken J. Childhood cancer in Australia, 1983-2015. Brisbane: Cancer Council Queensland. 2019.
  18. Australian Childhood Cancer Registry, Cancer Council Queensland. Australian Childhood Cancer Statistics Online. CCQ: Brisbane, Australia; 2018. Based on data from the ACCR (1983-2015).
  19. Atun R, Bhakta N, Denburg A, Frazier L, Friedrich L, Friedrich P, et al. Sustainable care for children with cancer: a Lancet Oncology Commission. The Lancet 2020:21. 185-224.
Table 1 Patient Characteristics. Percentages next to numbers are within the cohort, percentages under the numbers are within the variable (column). Columns and rows don’t always add up to 100% where source data are missing. CNS status; CNS1: absence of blast cells in CSF; CNS2: <5/µl WBCs and cytospin positive for blasts; CNS3: >5/µl WBCs and cytospin positive for blasts and/or clinical signs of CNS leukaemia.
Table 2 Patient Follow-Up Status. Percentages next to numbers are within the cohort, percentages under the numbers are within the variable (column). Columns and rows don’t always add up to 100% where source data are missing.
Table 3 Five-year overall survival by patient characteristics. Note: Survival analysis excludes patients where mortality status at last follow-up date was unknown.
Figure 1A Remoteness Distribution by State and Ethnicity. Bar graph of percentage patients living in areas of remoteness between centres. WA = Western Australia; SA = South Australia; NT = Northern Territory. Overall p<0.001.
Figure 1B Overall Survival according to Remoteness of home. Univariate Kaplan-Meier survival curve by area of remoteness.