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\begin{document}

\title{Exploring Quality of Life and Parental Anxiety in Children with Tree Nut
Allergies}



\author[1]{Bulent Sekerel}%
\author[1]{Zehra Genç}%
\author[1]{Aysegul Akarsu}%
\author[1]{Umit  Sahiner}%
\author[1]{Özge Soyer}%
\affil[1]{Hacettepe Universitesi Tip Fakultesi}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 26, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
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\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
\textbf{Background:} Food allergies, particularly their severe and
persistent forms, have a significant impact on children's quality of
life (QoL). Understanding and enhancing QoL is a crucial component of
food allergy management. This study aimed to evaluate the QoL of Turkish
children aged 0-12 years with IgE-mediated tree nut allergies (TNA) and
explore influential factors, including parental anxiety.
\textbf{Methods:} Primary caregiver-parents of children diagnosed with
TNA completed the valid and reliable Food Allergy Quality of Life
Questionnaire-Parent Form (FAQLQ-PF) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
(STAI) to assess QoL and parental anxiety, respectively.
\textbf{Results:} The study included 88 parents, predominantly mothers
(83\%). The children had a median age of 12 months (IQR 7.25-19.5). The
mean FAQLQ-PF score was 3.55\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.34 without a statistical significance
between age groups (0-3 years 3.15±1.28; 4-6 years 3.76±1.42; 7-12 years
3.73±1.19). Parents reported significantly worse FAQLQ-PF scores for
children with hazelnut allergy, with a history of anaphylaxis, and who
had to use an adrenaline autoinjector. State and trait anxiety scores
were strongly correlated (r=0.584, p\textless{}0.001). There was
significant but weak correlations between FAQLQ-PF and STAI domains. The
multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that having a hazelnut
allergy, a history of anaphylaxis, and higher parental state anxiety
were all associated with poorer FAQLQ-PF scores, but, fathers tended to
report better level of QoL. \textbf{Conclusions:} The QoL of Turkish
children with TNA, as reported by parents, is influenced by various
factors. Understanding and addressing these factors are crucial for a
deeper understanding of how to enhance the accuracy of QoL assessment.%
\end{abstract}\selectlanguage{ngerman}%



\sloppy


\textbf{Exploring Quality of Life and Parental Anxiety in Children with
Tree Nut Allergies}

Zehra Gen\selectlanguage{ngerman}ç\textsuperscript{1}, Ay\selectlanguage{polish}ş\selectlanguage{english}eg\selectlanguage{ngerman}ül Akarsu\textsuperscript{1}, Ümit
Murat \selectlanguage{polish}Ş\selectlanguage{english}ahiner\textsuperscript{1}, \selectlanguage{ngerman}Özge Soyer\textsuperscript{1}, Bülent
Enis \selectlanguage{polish}Ş\selectlanguage{english}ekerel\textsuperscript{1}

Department of Pediatric Allergy, Hacettepe University School of
Medicine, Ankara, Turkey\textsuperscript{1}

\textbf{Running title}

Quality of Life in Children with Tree Nut Allergy

\textbf{Corresponding Author}

B\selectlanguage{ngerman}ülent Enis \selectlanguage{polish}Ş\selectlanguage{english}ekerel,

Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine

Department of Pediatrics, Division of Allergy and Asthma, 06100 Ankara,
Turkey

Tel.: +90 312 3051700, Fax: +90 312 3051701, E-mail:
b\_sekerel@yahoo.com

\textbf{Word count}

Abstract word count: 250

Main text word count: 2950

Number of tables: 3

Number of the figures: 3



\textbf{i. CONFLICT OF INTEREST}

All authors declare no conflict of interest.

\textbf{ii. FINANCIAL SUPPORT}

All authors declare that there was no financial support.

\textbf{iii. ABSTRACT AND KEYWORDS}

\textbf{Background:} Food allergies, particularly their severe and
persistent forms, have a significant impact on children's quality of
life (QoL). Understanding and enhancing QoL is a crucial component of
food allergy management. This study aimed to evaluate the QoL of Turkish
children aged 0-12 years with IgE-mediated tree nut allergies (TNA) and
explore influential factors, including parental anxiety.

\textbf{Methods:} Primary caregiver-parents of children diagnosed with
TNA completed the valid and reliable Food Allergy Quality of Life
Questionnaire-Parent Form (FAQLQ-PF) and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory
(STAI) to assess QoL and parental anxiety, respectively.

\textbf{Results:} The study included 88 parents, predominantly mothers
(83\%). The children had a median age of 12 months (IQR 7.25-19.5). The
mean FAQLQ-PF score was 3.55\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.34 without a statistical significance
between age groups (0-3 years 3.15±1.28; 4-6 years 3.76±1.42; 7-12 years
3.73±1.19). Parents reported significantly worse FAQLQ-PF scores for
children with hazelnut allergy, with a history of anaphylaxis, and who
had to use an adrenaline autoinjector. State and trait anxiety scores
were strongly correlated (r=0.584, p\textless{}0.001). There was
significant but weak correlations between FAQLQ-PF and STAI domains. The
multivariate linear regression analysis revealed that having a hazelnut
allergy, a history of anaphylaxis, and higher parental state anxiety
were all associated with poorer FAQLQ-PF scores, but, fathers tended to
report better level of QoL.

\textbf{Conclusions:} The QoL of Turkish children with TNA, as reported
by parents, is influenced by various factors. Understanding and
addressing these factors are crucial for a deeper understanding of how
to enhance the accuracy of QoL assessment.

\textbf{Key Words:} Anxiety; children; food allergy; tree nut; parent;
quality of life.

\textbf{ABBREVIATIONS}

AAI- Adrenaline auto-injector

FA- Food allergy

FARQL- Food allergy related quality of life

FAQLQ-PF- Food allergy quality of life questionnaire parent form

TNA- Tree nut allergy

QoL- Quality of life



\selectlanguage{polish}\textbf{İV. MAIN TEXT}\selectlanguage{english}

\textbf{INTRODUCTION}

Tree nut allergy (TNA) is the most common form of IgE-mediated food
allergy (FA) in Turkey, and it is distinguished by its persistence and
potential for life-threatening reactions.\textsuperscript{1} This
allergy is highly prevalent in Turkey due to the widespread use of tree
nuts in Turkish cuisine and the country's Mediterranean climate, which
is ideal for tree nut cultivation.\textsuperscript{2-5}

Tree nut allergies can have a significant impact on quality of life
(QoL), extending beyond mere dietary considerations. Affected
individuals may encounter challenges in fully participating in social
and daily activities, potentially resulting in heightened anxiety and a
compromised QoL. QoL is a comprehensive assessment of an individual's
overall well-being and satisfaction across diverse dimensions,
encompassing physical, psychological, social, and environmental
aspects.\textsuperscript{6,7} The Food Allergy Quality of Life
Questionnaire for Parents of Children with Food Allergy (FAQLQ-PF) is an
internationally recognized instrument renowned for its validity and
reliability.\textsuperscript{8} It is designed to gauge the quality of
life related to FAs in children from the parental perspective. Given the
significance of both TNA and QoL, there is a compelling need for
well-informed and inclusive approaches aimed at enhancing the health and
happiness of individuals, both within and beyond Turkey.

Our study endeavors to measure the FA related QoL (FARQL) of children
impacted by TNAs, as perceived by their parents, and to explore the
factors, including parental anxiety, that influence this assessment and
its accuracy.

\textbf{MATERIALS and METHODS}

\textbf{Study population}

This study was carried out in the primary caregivers (mothers/fathers)
of patients aged 12 years and younger who were diagnosed with TNA in
Hacettepe University Faculty of Medicine, Department of Pediatric
Allergy between January 1, 2018 and December 31, 2020. For primary
parenting, parents were given the autonomy to determine the primary
caregiver, with the understanding that the primary parent is the one
primarily responsible for the child's care and upbringing. In cases
where there was uncertainty, the preference was given to the parent who
prioritized the child's health, especially in the context of FAs. All
patients were required to have sensitization to the relevant tree nut by
skin prick test, extract-specific IgE and allergen molecule specific IgE
(Ana o 3/Pis v 1 for cashew/pistachio, Cor a 14/Cor a 9/Cor a 11 for
hazelnut, Jug r 1/Jug r 2 for walnut).\textsuperscript{2} The diagnosis
of TNA was required to be made at least 6 months ago by the presence of
a consistent history or positive outcome at the oral food challenge
(OFC) or high level of sensitivity as described
previously.\textsuperscript{3,4} Parents who could not be contacted, who
did not give informed consent, and whose child was older than 12 years
of age were not included into the study. The study protocol was reviewed
and approved by the Institutional Review Board of Hacettepe University
(21/745) and those who gave informed consent for the study completed the
questionnaire. Those who participated during the routine outpatient
visit, filled out the questionnaire via computer, while those who were
contacted by phone called filled out the questionnaire via their mobile
devices.

\textbf{Questionnaires}

With the questionnaire, information such as sociodemographic
characteristics, comorbid diseases, adrenaline auto-injector (AAI), tree
nut and other FAs, healthcare utilizations such as unscheduled
healthcare use/emergency and hospital admissions due to TNA were
collected. The data obtained from the questionnaires were cross-checked
with the information in the hospital electronic database and
inconsistencies were resolved through interviews. ``Food Allergy Quality
of Life Questionnaire-Parent Form'' and ``State-Trait Anxiety
Inventory'' (STAI) were used to determine children's FARQL from parent's
perspective and parents anxiety, respectively.

\emph{Food Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaires-Parent Form:} To
summarize briefly, the FAQLQ-PF has a scale of 30 questions, and its
Turkish translation has previously been shown to be valid and
reliable.\textsuperscript{8,9} Each question in the scale is answered
with a 6-point Likert type variable (0-none to 6-extreme). All questions
are used in the evaluation of children aged 7-12. The first 26 questions
pertain to the evaluation of the 4-6 age group, while the first 14
questions are applied in the evaluation of the 0-3 age group. The scale
has a total of 3 sub-dimensions: emotional impact, food anxiety, social
and nutritional restrictions. The total score of the scale ranges from 0
to 6, and a low score indicates a high quality of life as detailed
previously.\textsuperscript{8}

\emph{State-Trait Anxiety Scale:} To summarize briefly, state-Trait
Anxiety Scale has a total of 40 statements in the scale and its Turkish
translation has previously been shown to be valid and
reliable.\textsuperscript{10} The first twenty items measure the level
of anxiety related to the situation (state), and items 21 to 40 measure
the trait anxiety (T-STAI).\textsuperscript{10,11} Accordingly, 0-19
points obtained from the scale do not mean anxiety, 20-39 points mean
mild, 40-59 points mean moderate, 60-79 points mean severe anxiety, and
individuals with a score of 60 and above need professional
help.\textsuperscript{10}

\textbf{Statistical analyses}

Descriptive analysis were presented with frequency and percentage for
categorical variables, and mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±standard deviation for continuous
variables. Conformity of continuous variables to normal distribution was
examined by visual (histogram and probability graphs) and analytical
methods (Kolmogorov-Smirnov/Shapiro-Wilk tests). Independent group
comparisons for categorical variables were made with Chi-Square (\selectlanguage{greek}χ\selectlanguage{english}2) or
Fisher tests. Student's t-test was used in comparison of two independent
groups for continuous variables, and One-Way Analysis of Variance
(ANOVA) method was used in comparisons of three or more groups. The
relationship between STAI and FAQLQ-PF scores was investigated by
correlation analysis such as Pearson test in parametric and Spearman
test in non-parametric correlation analyses. The independent factors
predicting the FAQLQ-PF total score were analysed by multivariate linear
regression model using possible factors detected in univariate analyses.
Statistical significance, the type-1 error level was determined as 5\%.

\textbf{RESULTS}

\textbf{Study group characteristics}

There were 120 eligible patients diagnosed with TNA during the study
period and 88 patients were included in the study, resulting an
inclusion rate of 73.3\% (Figure 1). Of the questionnaires 73 (83\%)
were filled by mothers and 15 (17\%) by fathers.

From the children, 31 (35.2\%) were female and 57 (64.8\%) were male.
There were 29 (33\%) children aged 0-3 years, 37 (42\%) children aged
4-6 years, and 22 (25\%) children aged 7-12 years. The median age at
diagnosis was 12 (IQR 7.25-19.5) months and median months of follow-up
was 40 months (10.25--65.75). The most common TNA was hazelnut (72.7\%),
followed by cashew, pistachio, walnut and almond. From these, 68
(77.3\%) had two or more TNAs. In the context of life time, 42 (47.7\%)
and 5 (5.7\%) patients admitted to the emergency department, and
required hospitalization due to TNA, respectively. A total of 42
(47.7\%) patients had exposed to the food they were allergic to in the
last year. A total of 49 (55.7\%) and 16 (18.2\%) patients had a
lifetime and current history of anaphylaxis. The prevalence of ever
anaphylaxis was 34.5\% in the 0-3 age group, 67.6\% in the 4-6 age
group, and 63.6\% in the 7-12 age group (p=0.019). (Table 1)

Although all patients were prescribed AAIs, only 84.1\% of the patients
had AAIs. The highest rate of having AAIs among age groups was 97.3\% in
the 4-6 age group, followed by the 7-12 age group with 81.8\% and the
0-3 age group with 69\%. A total of 13 (14.8\%) patients had to use AAI
at least once in their lives due to tree nut allergy (Table 1).

\textbf{Food Allergy Related Quality of Life}

The mean FAQLQ-PF score of the study group was 3.55\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.34, and there was
no statistically significant difference between age groups (0-3 years:
3.15±1.28; 4-6 years: 3.76±1.42; 7-12 years: 3.73±1.19) (Table 2) and
parents' gender (3.61±1.33 for mothers vs 3.23±1.42 for fathers;
p=0.32).

Considering the effect of individual TNA on FAQLQ-PF scores, while the
presence of pistachio, walnut, almond and cashew allergy was not
different from those without allergies, the scores for children with
hazelnut allergy were significantly higher than those without (p= 0.049)
(Table 2). The FAQLQ-PF scores was significantly higher in those with a
previous history of tree nut-induced anaphylaxis (p=0.008, Table 2)
compared to those without. Likewise, the scores of the children who had
to use an AAI were significantly higher than those who did not (p=0.005,
Table 2).

\textbf{State-Trait Anxiety Inventory}

The STAI inventory scores, categorized by the child's age groups, are
presented in the Table 3. Specifically, 55.6\% reported mild state
anxiety, 38.6\% reported moderate state anxiety, and 5.6\% reported
severe state anxiety. In addition, 38.6\% reported mild trait anxiety,
57.9\% reported moderate trait anxiety, and 3.4\% reported severe trait
anxiety. Mean STAI-S and STAI-T scores in fathers (36.40±11.54 and
40.07±8.43, respectively) were numerically lower than in mothers
(38.66±13.77 and 43.15±10.31, respectively), but the difference was not
statistically significant (p=0.545, p=0.281, respectively). In numerical
terms, trait anxiety consistently exceeded state anxiety, but
statistically significant differences were observed in certain
subgroups, such as among mothers who were primary caregivers (p=0.001)
(Figure 2).

When the relationships between anxiety scores and baseline demographic
and clinical characteristics of the patients were investigated using
bivariate tables, there was higher STAI-S score for the parents who
needed to use AAI (p\textless{}0.001) and higher STAI-T score of the
parents whose child was hospitalized due to TNA (p=0.031) (Table 3).
There was a strong positive correlation between STAI-S and STAI-T scores
(r=0.584; p\textless{}0.001).

\textbf{The relationship between food allergy related quality of life
and parental anxiety}

When we analyzed the association between STAI inventory scores and the
total/subscales of FAQLQ-PF scores using correlations, we found overall
significant but weak positive correlations between maternal anxiety and
QoL, as well as its subscales (supplementary,Table 1). These findings
suggest that a higher level of anxiety in parents is associated with a
decrease in the child's QoL from parents perspective. Furthermore, when
the association between STAI and total FAQLQ scores was analyzed using
univariate tables, the increase in STAI-S (B=0.032; 95\% CI: 0.011-
0.053; p=0.003) and STAI-T scores ( B=0.037; 95\% CI: 0.001 - 0.065);
p=0.009) was associated with an increase in total FAQLQ-PF scores (a
decrease in QoL). Association between STAI and FAQLQ scores was
demonstrated as scatter-dot graphs (Figure 3).

Multivariate linear regression analysis was performed to model the
relationship between FAQLQ-PF (dependent variable) and independent
variables by assuming a linear relationship between the variables. In
the model where STAI-S was included, fathers as primary caregiver (B=
-1.035; 95\% CI: -1.761 / -0.310; p=0.006), having hazelnut allergy (B
=0.717; 95\% CI: 0.058 / 1.376; p=0.033), having ever history of
anaphylaxis (B=0.707; 95\% CI: 0.171 / 1.244; p=0.010), and STAI-S
scores (B=0.024; 95\% CI: 0.004 / 0.044; p=0.019) were significant
predictors (supplementary, Table 2). When analysis repeated by including
STAI-T but not STAI-S, similar predictors were depicted except
borderline insignificance achieved for STAI-T (supplementary, Table 2).
Our findings indicate that considering fathers' viewpoints may yield
more favorable assessments of children's QoL. Parents of children with
hazelnut allergies and with a history of anaphylaxis tend to report
lower QoL for their children. Notably, higher parental state anxiety, as
opposed to trait anxiety, is significantly linked to a lower perceived
QoL in the child.

\textbf{DISCUSSION}

This study, one of the few to assess QoL in children with
TNA\textsuperscript{12,13}, differs from previous studies by including
parental anxiety in two domains: state and trait anxiety. While our
findings are consistent with previous research in showing the
detrimental impact of negative experiences on QoL\textsuperscript{12},
they also offer new insights in three key areas. First, our study
suggests that assessing QoL from the father's perspective may yield
better results. Second, it highlights the potential impact of parental
state anxiety on reported QoL. Third, it suggests that local traits such
as certain nut allergies may also contribute to the reported QoL.

Limited data are available concerning FARQL in children under 12 years
old. When comparing the total scores of our group with those from
previous studies employing the same scales, our FARQL scores appear on
the negative spectrum (0-3 years: 3.15±1.28; 4-6 years: 3.76±1.42; 7-12
years: 3.73±1.19) of the previous reports\textsuperscript{14}. In
accordance with the validation study of Turkish version of FAQLQ-PF and
a recently conducted one in another region of the country, our scores
still remain on the negative side\textsuperscript{9,15}. However, our
study's findings align with those from Dunn-Galvin's
sample\textsuperscript{8,16}, which included scores from Irish and
American children, as well as Limpitikul's sample of Thai
children\textsuperscript{17}, indicating consistency across these
diverse populations.\textsuperscript{18} This discrepancy might be
attributed to tree nut allergies inducing persistent and severe
reactions, as well as the particularities of the study group.

Research on parental anxiety and mental health in the context of
children's FAs has been subject of extensive research with mixed
results\textsuperscript{19-24}. Some studies have found that mothers of
children with FAs experience negative effects on their mental
well-being, reporting higher levels of stress and anxiety than mothers
of children without food allergies. Other studies have found no
significant differences in anxiety or depression levels between parents
of children with and without FAs\textsuperscript{25}. Parents play a
crucial role in shaping a child's emotional development and
well-being.\textsuperscript{26} Children often learn by observing and
imitating their parents' behaviors. This phenomenon is often referred to
as ''emotional contagion'' or ''emotional mirroring.'' Young children
are particularly susceptible to this because they are still developing
their emotional regulation skills and rely heavily on their caregivers
for emotional guidance and support.

To our knowledge, only two previous studies have explored the connection
between FARQL in children and parental anxiety
levels\textsuperscript{27}. DunGalvin's study reported a significant
link between parental general anxiety levels and Russian
children/adolescents' FARQL by using Generalized Anxiety Disorder 7
(GAD-7) questionnaire. The other study on this subject, Acaster's study,
used Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) and reported parental
anxiety significantly predicted higher levels of burden for the peanut
allergic child. While one could argue that our study reaffirms the
connection between parental anxiety and QoL, our findings offer a
nuanced perspective that focuses specifically on the state domain of
anxiety. Although we showed a significant correlation between state and
trait domains of anxiety, the difference in predictive capacity related
to state anxiety contributes to a deeper understanding of how to enhance
the accuracy of QoL assessment within the context of FAs. The STAI, HADS
and GAD-7, though both designed to measure aspects of anxiety, serve
different purposes and focus on different dimensions of this emotional
state. The STAI is designed to assess both state anxiety, which reflects
an individual's immediate emotional state, and trait anxiety, which
gauges their enduring predisposition to anxiety. It provides a more
comprehensive assessment of anxiety levels overall. In contrast, the
GAD-7 is specifically designed to identify and assess symptoms of
generalized anxiety disorder, making it a more specialized tool for
clinical diagnosis and screening. HADS is often used for quick screening
of anxiety and depression in medical settings without distinguishing
between transient emotional states and enduring traits. Given these
differences in assessment tools, as well as the specific characteristics
of the populations and study groups, it is plausible that the observed
disparities in results are a consequence of these differences.

We showed that assessing QoL from the father's perspective may yield
better results. Whether parental anxiety differs between mothers and
fathers is a multifaceted question that has been explored by various
researchers\textsuperscript{26,28}, yielding mixed results. Some studies
suggest that mothers are more prone to experiencing anxiety compared to
fathers, particularly concerning aspects like their children's health
and safety.\textsuperscript{29} The fear of losing a child is a profound
and universal concern among parents, particularly mothers, rooted in the
deep emotional bond and attachment formed with their child. In the
context of food allergies, it is crucial to recognize that parental
fears may be further exacerbated due to self/non-self negative
experiences, healthcare messages emphasizing the persistent/severe
nature of these allergies, and the necessity to carry an AAI for life.
Mothers and fathers may experience distinct types of anxiety at various
stages in their children's lives. For example, a mother might be more
inclined to feel anxious about her child's health if the child has a
chronic illness, while a father could be more prone to anxiety regarding
the child's social development if the child is shy or
introverted.\textsuperscript{29}

We demonstrated that the presence of hazelnut allergy exerts a negative
impact on FARQL, implying that local factors may also play a role in the
reported QoL. In this context, it is not surprising that hazelnut takes
center stage among other tree nuts in our study, given that Turkey leads
the world in hazelnut production and ranks third in per capita
consumption.\textsuperscript{30} Furthermore, in contrast to peanuts in
the Western world, hazelnut stands as the primary cause of IgE-mediated
food allergies and anaphylaxis.\textsuperscript{3,31,32} The widespread
production and consumption of hazelnuts could be indicative of a
heightened perception of the risk of unintentional exposure among
parents.

Nevertheless, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of our
study. These limitations encompass the absence of a prospective aspect
to document the evolving impact of state anxiety on FARQLQ-PF scores
over time, as well as the relatively modest sample size of the patient
group, which could introduce the possibility of type 2 errors for other
predictors. Nevertheless, our study boasts several strengths, including
being the sole study exclusively dedicated to TNA in the pediatric
population. It represents a pioneering effort in the Eastern
Mediterranean region and stands as the first and only study to explore
various domains of anxiety within this context.

In conclusion, the QoL of children with TNA, as perceived by their
parents, is influenced by a variety of factors. Among these factors,
some are universal, such as adverse life experiences; some are
influenced by local context, such as culinary culture; some are
situational, such as state anxiety; and some are parent-specific, such
as gender. Comprehending and addressing these multifaceted factors is
crucial for the accuracy of FARQL assessment in children.

\textbf{V. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS}

None.

\selectlanguage{polish}\textbf{Vİ. KEY MESSAGE}\selectlanguage{english}

The quality of life (QoL) for children with tree nut allergies, as
reported by their parents, is influenced by various factors. These
include universal factors like adverse life experiences, local
influences such as culinary culture, situational elements like state
anxiety, and parent-specific aspects such as gender. Understanding and
addressing these diverse factors is essential for accurate QoL
assessment in children.

\selectlanguage{polish}\textbf{Vİİ. REFERENCES}\selectlanguage{english}

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6. Muraro A, Dubois AE, DunnGalvin A, et al. EAACI Food Allergy and
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7. DunnGalvin A, Dubois AE, Flokstra-de Blok BM, Hourihane JO. The
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. 2015;101:235-52. doi:10.1159/000375106

8. DunnGalvin A, de BlokFlokstra BM, Burks AW, Dubois AE, Hourihane JO.
Food allergy QoL questionnaire for children aged 0-12 years: content,
construct, and cross-cultural validity. \emph{Clin Exp Allergy} . Jun
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9. Arik Yilmaz E, Cavkaytar O, Buyuktiryaki B, et al. Factors Affecting
Food Allergy-Related Quality of Life From Parents' Perception in Turkish
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doi:10.4168/aair.2018.10.4.379

10. \selectlanguage{polish}Ş\selectlanguage{english}ahin A. Durumluk s\selectlanguage{polish}ı\selectlanguage{english}nav kayg\selectlanguage{polish}ı\selectlanguage{english}s\selectlanguage{polish}ı \selectlanguage{ngerman}ölçe\selectlanguage{polish}ğ\selectlanguage{english}i (DuSK\selectlanguage{ngerman}Ö): Geçerlik ve
güvenirlik çal\selectlanguage{polish}ış\selectlanguage{english}mas\selectlanguage{polish}ı. \selectlanguage{english}\selectlanguage{polish}\emph{Trakya Eğitim Dergisi}\selectlanguage{english} . 2019;9(1):78-90.

11. \selectlanguage{polish}Ş\selectlanguage{english}AH\selectlanguage{polish}İ\selectlanguage{english}N A. Validation of a new State Test Anxiety Scale
(STAS).\emph{International Journal of Assessment Tools in Education} .
2021;8(4):872-887.

12. Pasioti M, Savva M, Lakoumentas J, et al. Impact of Presumed Tree
Nut and Peanut Allergy on Quality of Life at Different Ages. \emph{J
Clin Med} . May 15 2023;12(10)doi:10.3390/jcm12103472

13. Cummings AJ, Knibb RC, Erlewyn-Lajeunesse M, King RM, Roberts G,
Lucas JS. Management of nut allergy influences quality of life and
anxiety in children and their mothers. \emph{Pediatr Allergy Immunol} .
Jun 2010;21(4 Pt 1):586-94. doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2009.00975.x

14. Wassenberg J, Cochard MM, Dunngalvin A, et al. Parent perceived
quality of life is age-dependent in children with food
allergy.\emph{Pediatr Allergy Immunol} . Aug 2012;23(5):412-9.
doi:10.1111/j.1399-3038.2012.01310.x

15. K\selectlanguage{polish}ı\selectlanguage{english}l\selectlanguage{polish}ı\selectlanguage{ngerman}ç N, Kaya \selectlanguage{polish}Ş, \selectlanguage{english}Ta\selectlanguage{polish}ş\selectlanguage{ngerman}ç\selectlanguage{polish}ı \selectlanguage{english}G, \selectlanguage{ngerman}Özsoy F, K\selectlanguage{polish}ı\selectlanguage{english}l\selectlanguage{polish}ı\selectlanguage{ngerman}ç M. Quality of life in
children with food allergies, psychiatric symptoms, and caregiving
burden of their mothers. \emph{Allergol Immunopathol (Madr)} .
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16. DunnGalvin A, Cullinane C, Daly DA, Flokstra-de Blok BM, Dubois AE,
Hourihane JO. Longitudinal validity and responsiveness of the Food
Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire - Parent Form in children 0-12
years following positive and negative food challenges. \emph{Clin Exp
Allergy} . Mar 2010;40(3):476-85. doi:10.1111/j.1365-2222.2010.03454.x

17. Limpitikul W, Srisuwatchari W, Jirapongsananuruk O, Visitsunthorn N,
Pacharn P. Validation and Reliability of the Thai version of the Food
Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire-Parent Form (FAQLQ-PF).\emph{Asian
Pac J Allergy Immunol} . Sep 2023;41(3):236-243.
doi:10.12932/ap-030220-0755

18. DunnGalvin A, Koman E, Raver E, et al. An Examination of the Food
Allergy Quality of Life Questionnaire Performance in a Countrywide
American Sample of Children: Cross-Cultural Differences in Age and
Impact in the United States and Europe. \emph{J Allergy Clin Immunol
Pract} . Mar-Apr 2017;5(2):363-368.e2. doi:10.1016/j.jaip.2016.09.049

19. Cummings AJ, Knibb RC, King RM, Lucas JS. The psychosocial impact of
food allergy and food hypersensitivity in children, adolescents and
their families: a review. \emph{Allergy} . Aug 2010;65(8):933-45.
doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2010.02342.x

20. Polloni L, Muraro A. Anxiety and food allergy: A review of the last
two decades. \emph{Clin Exp Allergy} . Apr 2020;50(4):420-441.
doi:10.1111/cea.13548

21. King RM, Knibb RC, Hourihane JO. Impact of peanut allergy on quality
of life, stress and anxiety in the family. \emph{Allergy} . Mar
2009;64(3):461-8. doi:10.1111/j.1398-9995.2008.01843.x

22. Knibb R. \emph{Knibb, R.C. \& Semper, H.M. Anxiety and depression in
parents with food allergic children before and after food allergy
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23. Lau GY, Patel N, Umasunthar T, et al. Anxiety and stress in mothers
of food-allergic children. \emph{Pediatr Allergy Immunol} . Feb 7
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24. Beken B, Celik V, Gokmirza Ozdemir P, Sut N, Gorker I, Yazicioglu M.
Maternal anxiety and internet-based food elimination in suspected food
allergy. \emph{Pediatr Allergy Immunol} . Nov 2019;30(7):752-759.
doi:10.1111/pai.13100

25. Goodwin RD, Rodgin S, Goldman R, et al. Food Allergy and Anxiety and
Depression among Ethnic Minority Children and Their Caregivers. \emph{J
Pediatr} . Aug 2017;187:258-264.e1. doi:10.1016/j.jpeds.2017.04.055

26. Möller EL, Nikoli\selectlanguage{polish}ć \selectlanguage{english}M, Majdand\selectlanguage{polish}ž\selectlanguage{english}i\selectlanguage{polish}ć \selectlanguage{english}M, B\selectlanguage{ngerman}ögels SM. Associations between
maternal and paternal parenting behaviors, anxiety and its precursors in
early childhood: A meta-analysis. \emph{Clin Psychol Rev} . Apr
2016;45:17-33. doi:10.1016/j.cpr.2016.03.002

27. DunnGalvin A, Treneva M, Pampura A, Grebenko A, Makatsori M, Munblit
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30. Mir MM. \emph{Temperate Nuts} . Springer; 2019. 2020.

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\selectlanguage{polish}\textbf{Vİİİ. TABLES~}\selectlanguage{english}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}llllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Entire group (n:88)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age groups\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age groups\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age groups\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0-3 years (n:29)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4-6 years (n:37)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7-12 years (n:22)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Female gender\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
31 (35.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12 (41.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10 (27)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9 (40.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age of diagnose(months) +\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14.51\selectlanguage{ngerman}±12.63\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16.03\selectlanguage{ngerman}±13.09\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12.51\selectlanguage{ngerman}±8.78\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
15.86\selectlanguage{ngerman}±16.9\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Multiple TN allergy\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
78 (88.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27 (93.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33 (89.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18 (81.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Current TN allergy -Hazelnut -Cashew -Pistachio -Walnut -Almond\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
64 (\%72.7) 56 (\%63.6) 51 (\%58) 49 (\%55.7) 25 (\%28.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20 (\%69) 18 (\%62.1) 17 (\%58.6) 19 (\%65.5) 12 (\%41.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27 (\%73) 24 (\%64.9) 22 (\%59.5) 19 (\%51.4) 7 (\%18.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
17 (\%77.3) 14 (\%63.6) 12 (\%54.5) 11 (\%50) 6 (\%27.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NS NS NS NS NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Multiple TN allergy\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
68 (\%77.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
22 (\%75.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
30 (\%81.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
16 (\%72.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Concomitant all. disease -Allergic rhinitis -Atopic dermatitis -Other
food allergy -Asthma\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
15 (\%17) 12 (\%13.6) 3 (\%3.4) 15 (\%17)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (\%3.4) 5 (\%17.2) 0 7 (\%24.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8 (\%21.6) 5 (\%13.5) 2 (\%5.4) 2 (\%5.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6 (\%27.3) 2 (\%9.1) 1 (\%4.5) 6 (\%27.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.16\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Having an AAI\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74 (\%84.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20 (\%69)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36 (\%97.3)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18 (\%81.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.007}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Ever use AAI\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
13 (\%14.8)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2 (\%9.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8 (\%21.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3 (\%16.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Exposure to TN (last year)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42 (\%47.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12 (\%41.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18 (\%48.6)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12 (\%54.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Anaphylaxis due TN -Ever -Current\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
49 (\%55.7) 16 (\%18.2)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
10 (\%34.5) 4 (\%36.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
25 (\%67.6) 6 (\%24)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
14 (\%63.6) 6 (\%42.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.019} NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Ever emergency dept. use\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42 (\%47.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11 (\%37.9)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
19 (\%51.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12 (\%54.5)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Ever hosp. due to TN all\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5 (\%5.7)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1 (\%3.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2 (\%5.4)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2 (\%9.1)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NS\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Values are presented as number (\%);+:mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±standard deviation; TN: Tree
nut; AAI: Adrenaline oto-injector; NS:non-significant Table 1. Clinical
characteristics of patients according to the age groups\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Values are presented as number (\%);+:mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±standard deviation; TN: Tree
nut; AAI: Adrenaline oto-injector; NS:non-significant Table 1. Clinical
characteristics of patients according to the age groups\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Values are presented as number (\%);+:mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±standard deviation; TN: Tree
nut; AAI: Adrenaline oto-injector; NS:non-significant Table 1. Clinical
characteristics of patients according to the age groups\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Values are presented as number (\%);+:mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±standard deviation; TN: Tree
nut; AAI: Adrenaline oto-injector; NS:non-significant Table 1. Clinical
characteristics of patients according to the age groups\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Values are presented as number (\%);+:mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±standard deviation; TN: Tree
nut; AAI: Adrenaline oto-injector; NS:non-significant Table 1. Clinical
characteristics of patients according to the age groups\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.14\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Values are presented as number (\%);+:mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±standard deviation; TN: Tree
nut; AAI: Adrenaline oto-injector; NS:non-significant Table 1. Clinical
characteristics of patients according to the age groups\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}\selectlanguage{ngerman}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllllllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total score (mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±SD)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Emotional impact (mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±SD)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Food anxiety (mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±SD)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Social\&dietary limitation (mean\selectlanguage{ngerman}±SD)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Sex - Male - Female\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.70\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.39 3.27±1.20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.153\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.78\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.12\\
3.37\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.47\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.057\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.97\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.33 4.15±1.59\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.58\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.06\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.74 3.59±1.65\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.169\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age groups - 0-3 yr - 4-6 yr - 7-12 yr\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.15\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.28 3.76±1.42 3.37±1.19\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.148*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.67\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.26 3.34±1.48 3.51±1.21\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.056*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.22\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.66 4.50±1.27 4.52±1.16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.001*}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.56\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.61 3.42±1.86 3.16±1.54\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.700*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
TN allergy - Multiple - Single\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.57\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.37 3.49±1.24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.833\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.19\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.41 3.05±1.28\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.686\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.14\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.53 3.91±1.42\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.557\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.37\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.75 3.52±1.52\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.728\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
TN allergy - Hazelnut (+/-) - Cashew (+/-) - Pistachio (+/-) - Walnut
(+/-) - Almond (+/-)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.72\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.32/3.09±1.031 3.37±1.30/3.85±1.36 3.35±1.31/3.83±1.35
3.74±1.39/3.31±1.24 3.19±1.17/3.69±1.38\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.049} 0.107 0.099 0.138 0.119\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.34\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.38/2.68±1.28 3.01±1.33/3.43±1.44 3.01±1.36/3.37±1.39
3.35±1.43/2.92±1.30 2.75±1.08 /3.32±1.46\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.043} 0.175 0.220 0.151 0.079\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.25\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.48/3.63±1.47 3.95±1.55/4.32±1.39 3.96±1.49/4.26±1.50
4.15±.1.57/4.00±1.41 3.62±1.57/4.27±1.44\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.084 0.265 0.361 0.627 0.081\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.57\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.67 / 2.96±1.71 3.17±1.75 / 3.82±1.54 3.08±1.79 / 3.85±1.46
3.71±1.75 / 3.01±1.56 3.22±1.75 / 3.48±1.68\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.140 0.085 \textbf{0.035} 0.051 0.530\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Ever anaphylaxis - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.88\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.34 3.13±1.23\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.008}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.53\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.36 2.70±1.27\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.05}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.46\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.45 3.61±1.44\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.008}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.66\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.71 3.08±1.64\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.114\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Having AAI - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.58\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.39 3.39±1.04\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.633\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.17\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.44 3.13±1.05\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.923\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.16\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.55 3.69±1.13\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.285\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.41\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.69 3.36±1.77\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.911\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Use AAI - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.30\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.83 3.41±1.41\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.005}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.72\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.77 3.04±1.50\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.023}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.99\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.86 3.95±1.58\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.025}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.21\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.18 3.25±1.73\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.023}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ED admition - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.29\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.39 3.78±1.25\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.087\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.00\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.32 3.31±1.43\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.308\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.95\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.64 4.21±1.36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.433\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.93\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.74 3.84±1.54\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.012}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hospit. due TN - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.08\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.44 3.52±1.33\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.362\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.66\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.39 3.13±1.38\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.413\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.75\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.09 4.04±1.51\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.230\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.84\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.95 3.38±1.69\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.626\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Asthma - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.22\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.41 3.62±1.32\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.297\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.91\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.48 3.21±1.36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.449\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.52\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.75 4.20±1.43\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.111\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.22\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.41 3.44±1.75\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.654\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Allergic rhinitis - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.38\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.90 3.38±1.35\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.008}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.86\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.91 3.02±1.42\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.030}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.10\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.79 3.88±1.53\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.003}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.17\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.28 3.24±1.73\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.055\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Atopic dermatitis - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.21\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.09 3.60±1.37\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.345\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.76\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.28 3.22±1.39\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.288\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.99\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.31 4.10±1.53\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.818\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.87\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.88 3.49±1.66\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.243\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Sibling allergy - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.07\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.00 3.42±1.38\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.065\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.78\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.13 3.00±1.40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.032\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.48\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.40 3.98±1.51\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.211\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.95\selectlanguage{ngerman}±0.97 3.26±1.81\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.129\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Mother's educ. \textless{}University [?]University\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.71\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.20 3.49±1.39\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.480\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.26\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.27 3.12±1.43\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.687\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.33\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.17 3.99±1.61\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.332\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.54\selectlanguage{ngerman}±1.63 3.35±1.73\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.624\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
*ANOVA test; TN: Tree nut; AAI:Adrenaline autoinjector; Ed:Emergency
department; SD: standard deviation Table 2.Total and subscale scores of
T-FAQLQ-PF according to the variable parameters\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
*ANOVA test; TN: Tree nut; AAI:Adrenaline autoinjector; Ed:Emergency
department; SD: standard deviation Table 2.Total and subscale scores of
T-FAQLQ-PF according to the variable parameters\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
*ANOVA test; TN: Tree nut; AAI:Adrenaline autoinjector; Ed:Emergency
department; SD: standard deviation Table 2.Total and subscale scores of
T-FAQLQ-PF according to the variable parameters\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
*ANOVA test; TN: Tree nut; AAI:Adrenaline autoinjector; Ed:Emergency
department; SD: standard deviation Table 2.Total and subscale scores of
T-FAQLQ-PF according to the variable parameters\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
*ANOVA test; TN: Tree nut; AAI:Adrenaline autoinjector; Ed:Emergency
department; SD: standard deviation Table 2.Total and subscale scores of
T-FAQLQ-PF according to the variable parameters\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
*ANOVA test; TN: Tree nut; AAI:Adrenaline autoinjector; Ed:Emergency
department; SD: standard deviation Table 2.Total and subscale scores of
T-FAQLQ-PF according to the variable parameters\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
*ANOVA test; TN: Tree nut; AAI:Adrenaline autoinjector; Ed:Emergency
department; SD: standard deviation Table 2.Total and subscale scores of
T-FAQLQ-PF according to the variable parameters\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
*ANOVA test; TN: Tree nut; AAI:Adrenaline autoinjector; Ed:Emergency
department; SD: standard deviation Table 2.Total and subscale scores of
T-FAQLQ-PF according to the variable parameters\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
*ANOVA test; TN: Tree nut; AAI:Adrenaline autoinjector; Ed:Emergency
department; SD: standard deviation Table 2.Total and subscale scores of
T-FAQLQ-PF according to the variable parameters\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
STAI-S scores\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
STAI-T scores\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
p\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Sex Male Female\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36.79\selectlanguage{ngerman}±12.51 41.00±13.75\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.149\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.02\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.67\\
41.90\selectlanguage{ngerman}±8.89\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.622\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Age groups 0-3 yr 4-6 yr 7-12 yr\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36.52\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.30 41.24±15.33 35.59±11.52\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.186*\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
41.86\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.02 43.14±10.45 42.77±9.77\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.877*\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
TN allergy - Multiple - Single\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38.81\selectlanguage{ngerman}±12.77 36.45±14.09\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.801\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
43.31\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.56 40.30±7.83\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.241\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
TN allergy - Hazelnut (+/-) - Cashew (+/-) - Pistachio (+/-) - Walnut
(+/-) - Almond (+/-)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38.36\selectlanguage{ngerman}±11.61 / 38.04±16.55 37.89±13.10 / 38.94±13.11 38.35±13.22 /
38.16±12.96 38.12±11.95 / 38.46±14.44 34.08±10.84 / 39.94±13.53\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.920 0.720 0.946 0.904 0.057\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.53\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.32 / 42.88±9.46 41.98±10.20 / 43.75±9.81 42.12±10.49 /
43.32±9.49 43.49±10.74 / 41.54±9.11 40.64±10.40 / 43.41±9.87\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.17\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.887 0.430 0.581 0.368 0.245\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Ever anaphylaxis - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
39.33\selectlanguage{ngerman}±14.20 36.95±11.45\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.399\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.92\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.73 42.26±9.22\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.761\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Having AAI - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38.77\selectlanguage{ngerman}±13.33 35.64±11.42\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.414\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.30\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.10 44.36±9.91\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.485\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Use AAI - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
51.77\selectlanguage{ngerman}±14.76 35.59±11.22\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{\textless{}0.001}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
44.69\selectlanguage{ngerman}±11.91 41.64±9.57\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.318\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
ED admition Yes No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38.33\selectlanguage{ngerman}±12.76 38.22±13.43\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.967\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.76\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10,15 42.50±10.05\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.904\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Hospitalization - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
41.60\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.99 38.07±13.18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.560\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
52.00\selectlanguage{ngerman}±5.91 42.06±9.98\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textbf{0.031}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Asthma Yes No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
36.40\selectlanguage{ngerman}±14.10 38.66±12.88\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.545\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
41.67\selectlanguage{ngerman}±9.61 42.82±10.18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.687\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Allergic rhinitis Yes No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
38.67\selectlanguage{ngerman}±15.64 38.19±12.56\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.899\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40.07\selectlanguage{ngerman}±8.86 43.15±10.24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.281\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
A.dermatitis - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
41.50\selectlanguage{ngerman}±11.77 37.76±13.23\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.359\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
42.33\selectlanguage{ngerman}±7.78 42.67±10.39\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.915\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Sibling allergy - Yes - No\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
40.72\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.05 37.64±13.69\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.375\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
46.22\selectlanguage{ngerman}±9.29 41.70±10.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.089\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Mother's educ. \textless{}University [?]University\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
35.92\selectlanguage{ngerman}±10.44 39.21±13.90\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.289\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
41.32\selectlanguage{ngerman}±9.72 43.14±10.20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.19\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.446\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

*ANOVA test; STAI:State-Trait anxiety inventory; TN: Tree nut;
AAI:Adrenaline autoinjector; Ed:Emergency department

Table 3. STAI-S and STAI-T scores according to the potential predictors

\selectlanguage{polish}\textbf{İX. FİGURE LEGENDS}\selectlanguage{english}

Figure 1. Flowchart of the study

Figure 2. State-Trait Anxiety Inventory scores according to age groups
and primary parents.

Figure 3. Correlations between Food Allergy Quality of Life
Questionnaires-Parent Form and State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

\selectlanguage{polish}\textbf{X. APPENDİCES~}\selectlanguage{english}

\textbf{Hosted file}

\verb`FIGURES 15.10.23.docx`  available at \url{https://authorea.com/users/357594/articles/672437-exploring-quality-of-life-and-parental-anxiety-in-children-with-tree-nut-allergies}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

