What’s Known
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) has become a major global health issue, and abnormalities of glucose metabolism are a risk factor responsible for development of CKD. Both diabetes and pre-diabetes increase the risk of developing CKD. Several studies have shown positive associations between CKD and FPG, OGTT, and HbA1c, as well as fasting insulin level, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR), and HOMA-β.