References
1. Whittemore R, Hobbins JC, Engle MA. Pregnancy and its outcome in
women with and without surgical treatment of congenital heart disease.
Am J Cardiol. 1982 Sep;50(3):641-51.
2. van der Linde D, Konings EE, Slager MA, Witsenburg M, Helbing WA,
Takkenberg JJ, et al. Birth prevalence of congenital heart disease
worldwide: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Journal of the
American College of Cardiology. 2011 Nov 15;58(21):2241-7.
3. Sanghavi M, Rutherford JD. Cardiovascular physiology of pregnancy.
Circulation. 2014 Sep 16;130(12):1003-8.
4. Hrycyk J, Kaemmerer H, Nagdyman N, Hamann M, Schneider K, Kuschel B.
Mode of Delivery and Pregnancy Outcome in Women with Congenital Heart
Disease. PLoS One. 2016;11(12):e0167820.
5. Hayward RM, Foster E, Tseng ZH. Maternal and Fetal Outcomes of
Admission for Delivery in Women With Congenital Heart Disease. JAMA
Cardiol. 2017 Jun 1;2(6):664-71.
6. Bucklin BA, Hawkins JL, Anderson JR, Ullrich FA. Obstetric anesthesia
workforce survey: twenty-year update. Anesthesiology. 2005
Sep;103(3):645-53.
7. Djabatey EA, Barclay PM. Difficult and failed intubation in 3430
obstetric general anaesthetics. Anaesthesia. 2009 Nov;64(11):1168-71.
8. Kodali BS, Chandrasekhar S, Bulich LN, Topulos GP, Datta S. Airway
changes during labor and delivery. Anesthesiology. 2008
Mar;108(3):357-62.
9. Maxwell BG, El-Sayed YY, Riley ET, Carvalho B. Peripartum outcomes
and anaesthetic management of parturients with moderate to complex
congenital heart disease or pulmonary hypertension*. Anaesthesia. 2013
Jan;68(1):52-9.
10. Goldszmidt E, Macarthur A, Silversides C, Colman J, Sermer M, Siu S.
Anesthetic management of a consecutive cohort of women with heart
disease for labor and delivery. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2010
Jul;19(3):266-72.
11. Hidano G, Uezono S, Terui K. A retrospective survey of adverse
maternal and neonatal outcomes for parturients with congenital heart
disease. Int J Obstet Anesth. 2011 Jul;20(3):229-35.
12. Warrick CM, Hart JE, Lynch AM, Hawkins JA, Bucklin BA. Prevalence
and descriptive analysis of congenital heart disease in parturients:
obstetric, neonatal, and anesthetic outcomes. Journal of clinical
anesthesia. 2015 Sep;27(6):492-8.
13. Bédard E, Dimopoulos K, Gatzoulis MA. Has there been any progress
made on pregnancy outcomes among women with pulmonary arterial
hypertension? Eur Heart J. 2009 Feb;30(3):256-65.
14. Khairy P, Ouyang DW, Fernandes SM, Lee-Parritz A, Economy KE,
Landzberg MJ. Pregnancy outcomes in women with congenital heart disease.
Circulation. 2006 Jan 31;113(4):517-24.
15. Drenthen W, Boersma E, Balci A, Moons P, Roos-Hesselink JW, Mulder
BJ, et al. Predictors of pregnancy complications in women with
congenital heart disease. Eur Heart J. 2010 Sep;31(17):2124-32.
16. Siu SC, Sermer M, Colman JM, Alvarez AN, Mercier LA, Morton BC, et
al. Prospective multicenter study of pregnancy outcomes in women with
heart disease. Circulation. 2001 Jul 31;104(5):515-21.
17. Ruys TP, Roos-Hesselink JW, Hall R, Subirana-Domènech MT,
Grando-Ting J, Estensen M, et al. Heart failure in pregnant women with
cardiac disease: data from the ROPAC. Heart. 2014 Feb;100(3):231-8.
18. Razaz N, Cnattingius S, Joseph KS. Association between Apgar scores
of 7 to 9 and neonatal mortality and morbidity: population based cohort
study of term infants in Sweden. BMJ. 2019 May 7;365:l1656.
19. Cnattingius S, Bergstrom R, Lipworth L, Kramer MS. Prepregnancy
weight and the risk of adverse pregnancy outcomes. The New England
journal of medicine. 1998 Jan 15;338(3):147-52.
20. Cnattingius S, Norman M, Granath F, Petersson G, Stephansson O,
Frisell T. Apgar Score Components at 5 Minutes: Risks and Prediction of
Neonatal Mortality. Paediatr Perinat Epidemiol. 2017 Jul;31(4):328-37.
21. Warnes CA. Pregnancy and Delivery in Women With Congenital Heart
Disease. Circ J. 2015;79(7):1416-21.
22. Regitz-Zagrosek V, Roos-Hesselink JW, Bauersachs J,
Blomstrom-Lundqvist C, Cifkova R, De Bonis M, et al. 2018 ESC Guidelines
for the management of cardiovascular diseases during pregnancy. Eur
Heart J. 2018 Sep 7;39(34):3165-241.
23. Balci A, Sollie-Szarynska KM, van der Bijl AG, Ruys TP, Mulder BJ,
Roos-Hesselink JW, et al. Prospective validation and assessment of
cardiovascular and offspring risk models for pregnant women with
congenital heart disease. Heart. 2014 Sep;100(17):1373-81.
24. Sumikura H, Niwa H, Sato M, Nakamoto T, Asai T, Hagihira S.
Rethinking general anesthesia for cesarean section. Journal of
anesthesia. 2016 Apr;30(2):268-73.
25. Afolabi BB, Lesi FE. Regional versus general anaesthesia for
caesarean section. Cochrane Database Syst Rev. 2012 Oct 17;10:CD004350.
26. Moir DD. Anaesthesia for Caesarean section. An evaluation of a
method using low concentrations of halothane and 50 per cent of oxygen.
British journal of anaesthesia. 1970 Feb;42(2):136-42.
27. Bishop L LA, English K. Adult congenital heart disease and
pregnancy. British Jornal of Anaesthesia Education. 2018;18(1):23-9.
Table 1. Patient characteristics