Sample and data collection
Participants were 392 parents of children with hematological malignancies recruited from three children’s hospitals in Shanghai, Jiangsu, and Chongqing, China. The survey was conducted from May 2018 to April 2020. The eligible criteria for parents and children were as follows: (1) the child met the diagnostic criteria for hematological malignancy11Zhang ZN, Shen T. Diagnostic and therapeutic criteria of hematologic diseases. Beijing: Science Press; 2007. by bone marrow cytology, immunohistochemical and genetic analysis, or histochemical staining, (2) the child was under treatment and was less than 15 years old, (3) the child had no other serious or chronic diseases, (4) the parent had high school diplomas or higher education, and could communicate fluently in Mandarin, (5) the parent took the major responsibility for the daily caregiving of the child, (6) the parent volunteered for the survey. This survey received ethical review approval from the Naval Medical University (NO.HJEC-2018-YF-001). The participants were informed of the aim of this study before the survey was conducted. No procedures were performed until participants signed the informed consent.