TAVR procedure
All patients were evaluated by the local Heart Team for eligibility.
Patients were treated with self-expandable and balloon-expandable valves via retrograde trans-femoral approach. In particular, Portico (St. Jude Medical, St. Paul, MN), CoreValve Evolute R (Medtronic Inc, Minneapolis, MN), Acurate Neo Valve (Symetis SA, Boston Scientific, Ecublens, Switzerland), and Sapien 3 (Edwards Lifesciences LCC, Irvine, CA) were used in 90, 65, 12 and 35 patients, respectively.
All patients discontinued therapy with beta blockers prior TAVI.