Figure Legends
Figure 1. Serum cardiac markers drastically elevated in severe/critical patients during the first week. Levels of 12 multiple organ dysfunction indicators in mild/moderate (M) and severe/critical (S) groups during the first week of hospitalization. The difference of each indicator between the two groups is significant (two-sided Wilcoxon test, P <0.001).
Figure 2. Severe/critical COVID-19 patients with evidence of cardiac damage have poor clinical outcomes. (A) . Number of patients with abnormal and normal levels of BNP, hs-TNI, α-HBDH, CK-MB, and LDH. The mortality (B) and ICU admission rate (C) of severe/critical COVID-19 patients with abnormal serum levels of BNP, hs-TNI, α-HBDH, CK-MB, and LDH. (D) Serum levels of BNP, hs-TNI, α-HBDH, CK-MB, and LDH during hospitalization for non-survivors and survivors. Shaded regions represent a 95% confidence interval.
Figure 3. scRNA-seq analysis of SARS-CoV-2 receptors in heart specific cell populations. (A) The t-distributed Stochastic Neighbor Embedding (t-SNE) diagram shows the main cell types in healthy heart tissue. Each dot represents a cell, and each color represents a cell type. (B) Feature maps and (C)violin diagrams show SARS-CoV-2 receptors are enriched in specific cell populations in healthy heart tissues.
Figure 4. Severe/critical COVID-19 patients with abnormal cardiac markers exhibited higher mortality. (A)Percent of abnormal cardiac markers in patients with and without pre-existing CAD. (B) Expression of SARS-CoV-2 receptors, TMPRSS2 and ENPEP, in coronary artery disease and healthy controls.(C) The mortality rate of COVID-19 patients with cardiac markers abnormality. (D-E) Median levels of cardiac markers in survivors and non-survivors during hospitalization. ***P < 0.001; NS: not significant.
Figure 5. BNP is a Risk-Stratification Biomarker for COVID-19 patients. (A-B) Fold change of cardiac markers relative to the upper reference within one week after admission. (C-D) The fluctuation of serum levels of cardiac markers within one week after admission.
CAD: COVID-19 patients with pre-existing CAD; non-CAD: COVID-19 patients without pre-existing CAD.
Figure 6. Abnormal BNP level is correlated with increased mortality of COVID-19 patients. (A) Mortality during hospitalization between patients with elevated BNP vs. normal BNP levels. Log-rank test shows statistical significance. The table below shows the number of people still alive at different time points.(B) ROC curve of BNP to predict survivors and non-survivors.(C-F) Correlation between BNP and other laboratory indicators, including CRP (C) , IL-6 (D) , D-dimer (E) , and LYM% (F) . The 95% confidence interval represented by shaded regions.