Data sample
For our sample of science-informed future fore-sighting initiatives in ocean and marine studies we used the twelve papers included in thisReviews in Fish Biology and Fisheries Special Issue (Table 1) which are outputs from the large Future Seas initiative (https://futureseas2030.org/). We considered this to be a relevant sample to analyse as these papers covered a wide range of marine issues and dimensions, and the authorship teams covered a diversity of disciplines and knowledge systems. The co-authors were of all career stages, from 28 different organisations, and comprising 20 different nationalities with, collectively, substantial research experience across all seven continents (Nash et al., 2020a). In addition to Indigenous and Traditional knowledge holders, the disciplinary expertise of the Future Seas project team included ecology, climate science, oceanography, marine engineering, mathematics, philosophy, social sciences, economics, finance, political sciences, law, behavioural psychology, medicine, and public health, with many disciplines being represented in most papers (Nash et al., 2020a). At the stage of review, all papers were pre-peer review drafts.