Place-based management and planning
Implementing new management plans for the sustainable use of ocean
resources requires consideration and coordination of many interacting
factors (Jentoft 2000; Leslie et al. 2015; Finkbeiner et al. 2017). It
needs input from academia, industry, governments, civil societies, and
markets. It demands a renewed focus on implementation, through the
creation of place-based management (Leenhardt et al. 2015; Finkbeiner et
al. 2017; Mikalsen and Jentoft 2001). Effective place-based management
is conditional on the assessment of local conditions. This assessment
facilitates the integration of social, cultural and local knowledge,
needs and beliefs, and scientific understandings (Actions 1, 2, 30, 32,
33). Examples from the Philippines, Chile, and Mexico showcase such
effective place-based management (e.g. Basurto 2005; Gelcich et al.
2007; Gelcich 2010; Kittinger et al. 2013; Pomeroy 2013; Purcell and
Pomeroy 2015). Furthermore, resourcing the creation and implementation
of comprehensive, integrated management plans has motivated innovative
funding arrangements, for example, public-private arrangements such as
cost recovery in Australia’s New South Wales Rock Lobster Fishery (NSW
Government 1994), Canadian fisheries royalty system and aquaculture fees
in Norway (Action 5). Auditing of plans and outcomes can be routinely
undertaken by governments, environmental NGOs or due to public pressure.
In Chile, a Territorial User Rights in Fisheries (TURF) approach has
been applied which is a co-management approach which granted exclusive
territorial rights to artisanal fishers (Castilla 1994). This approach
has been extended by a management policy which fostered the targeted
management of specific species within a defined regions, via a
management committee, involving different stakeholders such as
fisheries, industry and government representatives (Gelcich 2014). The
Management Plan policy and its application in TURF environments in Chile
have provided a framework for successful access to local and global
markets, monitoring, compliance, and auditing (Gelcich 2014) (Actions
3,5,6,11).