\documentclass[10pt]{article}

\usepackage{fullpage}
\usepackage{setspace}
\usepackage{parskip}
\usepackage{titlesec}
\usepackage[section]{placeins}
\usepackage{xcolor}
\usepackage{breakcites}
\usepackage{lineno}
\usepackage{hyphenat}





\PassOptionsToPackage{hyphens}{url}
\usepackage[colorlinks = true,
            linkcolor = blue,
            urlcolor  = blue,
            citecolor = blue,
            anchorcolor = blue]{hyperref}
\usepackage{etoolbox}
\makeatletter
\patchcmd\@combinedblfloats{\box\@outputbox}{\unvbox\@outputbox}{}{%
  \errmessage{\noexpand\@combinedblfloats could not be patched}%
}%
\makeatother


\usepackage{natbib}




\renewenvironment{abstract}
  {{\bfseries\noindent{\abstractname}\par\nobreak}\footnotesize}
  {\bigskip}

\titlespacing{\section}{0pt}{*3}{*1}
\titlespacing{\subsection}{0pt}{*2}{*0.5}
\titlespacing{\subsubsection}{0pt}{*1.5}{0pt}


\usepackage{authblk}


\usepackage{graphicx}
\usepackage[space]{grffile}
\usepackage{latexsym}
\usepackage{textcomp}
\usepackage{longtable}
\usepackage{tabulary}
\usepackage{booktabs,array,multirow}
\usepackage{amsfonts,amsmath,amssymb}
\providecommand\citet{\cite}
\providecommand\citep{\cite}
\providecommand\citealt{\cite}
% You can conditionalize code for latexml or normal latex using this.
\newif\iflatexml\latexmlfalse
\providecommand{\tightlist}{\setlength{\itemsep}{0pt}\setlength{\parskip}{0pt}}%

\AtBeginDocument{\DeclareGraphicsExtensions{.pdf,.PDF,.eps,.EPS,.png,.PNG,.tif,.TIF,.jpg,.JPG,.jpeg,.JPEG}}

\usepackage[utf8]{inputenc}
\usepackage[ngerman,greek,english]{babel}



\usepackage{float}








\begin{document}

\title{Dietary acid load and risk of prostate cancer: (a case-control study)}



\author[1]{Sanaz Mehranfar}%
\author[2]{Yahya Jalilpiran}%
\author[1]{Alireza Jafari}%
\author[1]{Seyed Amir Reza  Mohajeri}%
\author[1]{Shiva Faghih}%
\affil[1]{Affiliation not available}%
\affil[2]{Tehran University of Medical Sciences}%


\vspace{-1em}



  
  \date{May 08, 2024}


\begingroup
\let\center\flushleft
\let\endcenter\endflushleft
\maketitle
\endgroup





\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{abstract}
Background: There are few studies which have shown inconsistent results
regarding the associations between dietary acid load (DAL) and the risk
of cancer. This study aimed to examine the association between DAL and
prostate cancer (PC) risk among Iranian population. Methods: One hundred
and twenty participants (60 controls and 60 newly diagnosed PC patients)
engaged in a hospital-based case-control study. Validated 160-items
semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ) was used to assess
usual dietary intakes. DAL was calculated using potential renal acid
load (PRAL) and the net endogenous acid production (NEAP). Multivariate
logistic regression was used to estimate the odds ratios. Results: Both
PRAL (OR=5.44; 95\% CI= (2.09-14.17)) and NEAP (OR=4.88; 95\% CI=
(2.22-13.41)) were associated with increased risk of PC in crude model.
After adjusting for potential confounders (energy intake, smoking,
physical activity, ethnicity, job, education, and some drugs usage)
compared to the first category, being in the third category of PRAL
(OR=3.42; 95\% CI= (1.11-8.65)) and NEAP (OR=3.88; 95\% CI= (1.26-9.55))
was associated with increased risk of PC. Conclusions: Our findings
suggest that DAL could be associated with increased risk of PC. However,
further prospective studies with larger sample sizes and longer
durations are needed to confirm these findings.%
\end{abstract}%



\sloppy


Dietary acid load and risk of prostate cancer: (a case-control study)

Sanaz Mehranfar\textsuperscript{a}, Yahya
jalilpiran\textsuperscript{b,c}, Alireza Jafari\textsuperscript{c},
Seyed Amir Reza Mohajeri\textsuperscript{d}, Shiva
Faghih\textsuperscript{f*}

a Department of community Nutrition, School of Nutritional Science and
Dietetics, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran

b Student Research Committee, School of Nutrition and Food Sciences,
Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

c Students' Scientific Research Center (SSRC), Tehran University of
Medical Sciences (TUMS), Tehran, Iran

d Department of Nutrition, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of
Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran

f Department of Community Nutrition, School of Nutrition and Food
Sciences, Shiraz University of Medical Sciences, Shiraz, Iran

\textbf{*Corresponding author} : Dr. Shiva Faghih

Associate Professor, Nutrition Department of Community Nutrition, School
of Nutrition and food sciences, Shiraz Iran

Email: shivafaghih@gmail.com

Dietary acid load and risk of prostate cancer: (a case-control study)

Abstract

Background: There are few studies which have shown inconsistent results
regarding the associations between dietary acid load (DAL) and the risk
of cancer. This study aimed to examine the association between DAL and
prostate cancer (PC) risk among Iranian population.

Methods: One hundred and twenty participants (60 controls and 60 newly
diagnosed PC patients) engaged in a hospital-based case-control study.
Validated 160-items semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (FFQ)
was used to assess usual dietary intakes. DAL was calculated using
potential renal acid load (PRAL) and the net endogenous acid production
(NEAP). Multivariate logistic regression was used to estimate the odds
ratios.

Results: Both PRAL (OR=5.44; 95\% CI= (2.09-14.17)) and NEAP (OR=4.88;
95\% CI= (2.22-13.41)) were associated with increased risk of PC in
crude model. After adjusting for potential confounders (energy intake,
smoking, physical activity, ethnicity, job, education, and some drugs
usage) compared to the first category, being in the third category of
PRAL (OR=3.42; 95\% CI= (1.11-8.65)) and NEAP (OR=3.88; 95\% CI=
(1.26-9.55)) was associated with increased risk of PC.

Conclusions: Our findings suggest that DAL could be associated with
increased risk of PC. However, further prospective studies with larger
sample sizes and longer durations are needed to confirm these findings.

\textbf{What is already known about this topic?} The association between
dietary acid load and several cardiovascular risk factors has been
investigated previously but few studies investigated the association
between diet-dependent acid load with cancer.\textbf{What does this
article add?} Our findings showed that DAL could be associated with
increased risk of PC

\textbf{Keywords:} Dietary acid load, NEAP, PRAL, Prostate cancer,
Case-control.



\section*{Introduction}

{\label{introduction}}

Prostate cancer (PC) is one of the major health concerns among men
globally (1). It is presently the second most frequent diagnosed cancer
and the sixth leading cause of cancer death for males worldwide (2-5).
Among the Iranian males, PC is recognized as the third most prevalent
malignancies and the six common cancer in Iranian population (6, 7).
Based on the latest systematic review and meta-analysis on the available
evidence, the incidence rate of prostate cancer is 7.1 per 100 000 in
Iranian population. However, it has also been showed that the rate of
disease incidence increased from 1996 to 2012 that should be noticed
regarding the epidemiological and clinical practices (8). Well-known
risk factors for prostate cancer are age, ethnicity, and family history
of the disease (9). However, some other risk factors such as diet,
alcohol consumption, exposure to ultraviolet radiation, chronic
inflammation, and occupational exposure might be involved in the
pathogenesis of the disease(10).

The association between dietary patterns and the risk of PC has been
investigated in several studies, which has led to inconsistent results.
Some studies showed that adherence to a Western dietary pattern could
increase the risk of prostate cancer (11-15), but others did not find
any associations (16-18). In addition, some studies showed inconsistent
findings about the association between healthy eating index and
Mediterranean dietary pattern and the risk of PC (11, 13, 14, 16-23).
Recently, the importance of dietary acid load is highlighted as the
evidence shows that dietary intake is a key factor in the regulation of
body's acid-base status (24, 25) and the kidneys are the main route of
excretion of the acid load to maintain acid-base balance (26).
Basically, it seems that western diets (with higher meat consumption),
and healthy diets (with higher fruits and vegetables consumption and
lower meat and processed grain intake) are associated with the acidic
and alkali status of the diets, respectively (25, 27). In order to
estimate dietary acid load, the potential renal acid load (PRAL) and the
net endogenous acid production (NEAP), calculate from dietary intake
(24, 28). The association between dietary acid load and several
cardiovascular risk factors has been investigated previously
(29-33)\textbf{.} However, few studies investigated the association
between diet-dependent acid load with cancer (34, 35). Therefore, we
aimed to investigate the association between diet-dependent acid load
and risk of PC in Iranian population.



\section*{Materials and Methods}

{\label{materials-and-methods}}

\subsection*{Subjects}

{\label{subjects}}

This hospital based case-control study carried out in Shiraz, Iran. For
this, 125 men (62 cases and 63 controls), who were referred to two main
hospitals (teaching and referral hospitals) in Shiraz, Iran were
recruited. To collect required information such as general
characteristics and dietary intakes, the patients were interviewed by
trained interviewers during their hospital stay Patients with PC who
were candidate for radical or open prostatectomy were selected as cases
based on the following inclusion criteria: persons without any history
of dietary regimens for chronic diseases, diabetes, or other types of
cancers and who their diseases were diagnosed maximum one month after
diagnosis. At the same time, controls were selected from the patients
who came to the same hospitals due to non-neoplastic, non-diabetic
conditions including eye, gastrointestinal, ear, nose, and throat (ENT),
kidney, and nerve diseases. Similar to the cases, the controls also did
not follow any dietary regimens for chronic diseases. Cases and controls
were matched for body mass index (\textless{}19, 19--25, 25--30,
30\textless{}kg/m2) and age (within strata of 5-year age groups). Total
energy intakes of \textless{}800 or \textgreater{}4200 kcal/day and poor
response to food frequency questionnaire considered as exclusion
criteria. This research was approved by the ethic committee of Shiraz
University of medical sciences and all participants provided informed
consent (93-01-21-9059).

\subsection*{Demographic and Anthropometric
Assessment}

{\label{demographic-and-anthropometric-assessment}}

Demographic characteristics of participants including: smoking habit,
physical activity level, ethnicity, job, education, and some medications
usage were recorded using a general questionnaire via face to face
interview. Weight was measured by a digital scale with a precision of
0.1 kg (Glamor BS-801, Hitachi, China), while individuals wore light
clothing and no shoes. Height was measured at 0.1 cm precision in a
standing position without shoes, using a non-stretchable tape. Body mass
index (BMI) was calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in
meters squared.

\subsection*{Dietary intake assessment and estimation of dietary acid
load}

{\label{dietary-intake-assessment-and-estimation-of-dietary-acid-load}}

Dietary intakes were assessed using a semi-quantitative food frequency
questionnaire (FFQ) (36-38). This questionnaire included 160 common food
items which are common among Iranian population. Accordingly, the
frequency of consumption of each food item was divided in nine
categories: ``never or less than once a month'', ``1 to 3 times a
month'', ``once a week'', ``2 to 4 times a week'', ``5 to 6 times a
week'', ``once a day'', ``2 to 3 times a day'', ``4 to 5 times a day'',
and ``6 times or more a day''. In addition, the portions were classified
in three sizes including: small (half of the defined average use or
less), medium (equal to the defined average use), and large (one and
half of the defined average use or more). The FFQs were analyzed using a
specific multifunction software which developed by Borland Delphi 7
(http://www.embarcadero. com/products/delphi) and Visual Basic 2008 (VB
9.0) (http://www.microsoft.com/visualstudio/eng/
products/visual-studio-express-products). Daily intakes of energy,
macronutrients, and micronutrients were derived using the Nutritionist 4
software. We used the PRAL and NEAP (indicators of dietary acid load)
for estimation of dietary acid load. These indexes were calculated based
on the previous published equation:

NEAP (mEq/day) = 54.5 \selectlanguage{ngerman}× protein (g/day)/potassium (mEq/ day) \selectlanguage{english}- 10.2
{[}10{]}. PRAL (mEq/day) = 0.4888 x protein intake (g/day) + 0.0366 x
phosphorus (mg/day) \selectlanguage{english}- 0.0205 x potassium (mg/day) \selectlanguage{english}- 0.0125 x calcium
(mg/day) \selectlanguage{english}- 0.0263 x magnesium (mg/day)(39).

\subsection*{Statistical Analysis}

{\label{statistical-analysis}}

The normality of the data was assessed using Kolmogorov-Smirnov test.
Categorical variables presented as percent, and continuous variables
presented as mean +- SD. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test and
Chi-square or Fischer exact tests were used for comparison quantitative
and qualitative variables respectively, across tertiles of PRAL and NEAP
scores. Dietary intakes of participants across tertiles of PRAL and NEAP
scores were compared using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA) test and
presented as mean +- SE. To assess risk of prostate cancer in relation to
PRAL and NEAP, Multivariate logistic regression was used. In adjusted
models, age, body mass index, energy intake, smoking, physical activity,
ethnicity, job, education, and drug usage were controlled. Statistical
analyses were performed using SPSS software (version 23, SPSS Inc.,
Chicago, IL, USA). P\textless{}0.05 was considered statistically
significant.

\section*{Results}

{\label{results}}

Five participants (two cases and three controls) did not include in the
analyses due to poor response to FFQ, and finally 120 participants (60
cases and 60 controls) included in final. The participant
characteristics across the tertiles of PRAL and NEAP are shown
in\textbf{Table 1} . It was observed that by increasing the score of
PRAL, the BMI (P = 0.03) and physical activity (P = 0.04) of individuals
decreased. Through tertiles of NEAP, the number of antihypertensive drug
users were significantly increased (P = 0.02) and higher education level
was associated with decreased NEAP score (P = 0.04). In addition, there
was a direct association between the tertiles of both NEAP (P =0.01) and
PRAL (P = 0.003) and the age of participants. \textbf{Table 2} presents
the mean intake of food groups and nutrients across the tertiles of PRAL
and NEAP. It shows that higher PRAL (P= \textless{}0.001) and NEAP (P=
\textless{}0.001) scores were significantly associated with higher
dietary protein intake. Moreover, higher PRAL and NEAP scores were
significantly associated with greater vitamin B3 (PRAL; p= 0.003, NEAP;
p= 0.002), vitamin B12 (PRAL; p= 0.001, NEAP; p= 0.001), zinc (PRAL; p=
0.01, NEAP; p= 0.01), grains (PRAL; p= 0.01, NEAP; p= 0.02),
fish/poultry (PRAL; p= \textless{}0.001, NEAP; p= 0.002) and
red/processed meats (PRAL; p= \textless{}0.001, NEAP; p=
\textless{}0.001) intake. However, increased PRAL and NEAP scores were
significantly associated with lower dietary fiber (PRAL; p=
\textless{}0.001, NEAP; p= \textless{}0.001), vitamin A (PRAL; p= 0.01,
NEAP; p= 0.04) , vitamin E (PRAL; p= \textless{}0.001, NEAP; p=
\textless{}0.001), vitamin K (PRAL; p= \textless{}0.001, NEAP;
p=\textless{}0.001), vitamin C (PRAL; p= \textless{}0.001, NEAP;
p=\textless{}0.001), vitamin B6 (PRAL; p= 0.01, NEAP; p=0.02), vitamin
B9 (PRAL; p= \textless{}0.001, NEAP; p= \textless{}0.001), potassium
(PRAL; p= \textless{}0.001, NEAP; p=\textless{}0.001), calcium (PRAL; p=
\textless{}0.001, NEAP; p=\textless{}0.001), magnesium (PRAL; p=
\textless{}0.001, NEAP; p=\textless{}0.001), fruits (PRAL; p=
\textless{}0.001, NEAP; p=\textless{}0.001) and vegetables (PRAL; p=
\textless{}0.001, NEAP; p= \textless{}0.001). Additionally, higher NEAP
score was linked with less total fat intake (p=\textless{}0.001) and
higher PRAL score was associated with less intake of phosphorous (p=
0.04) and dairy (p= 0.21). The odds ratios (OR) of PC according to
tertiles of PRAL and NEAP are presented in \textbf{Table 3} . Our crude
results manifested that being in the third compared to the first
tertiles of PRAL (OR=5.44; 95\% CI= (2.09-14.17)) or NEAP (OR=4.88; 95\%
CI= (2.22-13.41)) increased the risk of PC. Moreover, after adjusting
for potential confounders (energy intake, smoking, physical activity,
ethnicity, job, education, anti-hyperlipidemic drugs, antihypertensive
drugs, and aspirin), being in the third compared to the first tertiles
of PRAL (OR=3.42; 95\% CI= (1.11-8.65)) or NEAP (OR=3.88; 95\% CI=
(1.26-9.55)) was significantly associated with increased risk of PC.

\section*{Discussion}

{\label{discussion}}

The results of this case-control study showed that dietary acid load
assessed by both PRAL and NEAP, was significantly associated with the
higher risk of PC. The association between some nutrients and risk of PC
have been investigated previously (40-50). It seems that dietary intake
is the largest external or environmental epigenetic factor capable of
driving the development or maintenance of cancer (51). This study for
the first time showed a positive association between DAL and risk of PC.
In line with our findings, some studies revealed that acidic environment
and dietary acid load could contribute to cancer development. (35,
52-56). However, some other studies did not support these findings (35).
Regarding to some specific types of cancer, previous research showed a
significant positive association between net acid excretion and bladder
cancer risk (57). In the other study, Yong-Moon Mark Park et al.(58)
found higher risk of invasive and metastatic potential of breast cancer
in relation to diet-dependent acid load in a nationwide large
prospective cohort study (58). Besides, higher cancer mortality was
associated with metabolic acid load, measured by lower serum bicarbonate
(59). Mechanistically, some studies showed that carcinogenesis due to
metabolic acidosis may occur through some intermediary effects (51).
Metabolic acidosis, especially caused by dietary acid loads, can
stimulate cancer metastasis, because of reduced buffering capacity of
patients with cancer (60-63). Some studies on patients with cancer also
showed changes in PH in the cancerous cells and their microenvironment,
in such a way that intracellular pH (pHi) increased compared to normal
cells (\selectlanguage{english}~7.4 versus \selectlanguage{english}~7.2), while extracellular pH (pHe) decreased
(\selectlanguage{english}~6.7--7.1 versus \selectlanguage{english}~7.4) (64, 65). On the other hand, several studies
have shown that different types of acid load interventions, such as
dietary changes (66) or taking bicarbonate (67) or phosphate salt (68),
could affect the pH of the urine, but not the pH of the blood.
Generally, diet has potential to cause metabolic acidosis through
affecting acid-base balance and producing acid or alkaline precursors
(69-71), and consuming acidogenic diets could promote higher urinary
acid excretion in comparison to alkalizing foods (72). Therefore, it
seems that highlighting the roles of dietary acid load in relation to
the cancer pathogenesis and performing most comprehensive studies to
determine exact associations would be necessary.

This study had some strengths: First, this is the first study
investigating the association between dietary acid load and risk of PC.
Second, we used newly diagnosed cases to remove the effects of the
patients' dietary intake changes on the cancer risk. Third, several
confounders were adjusted in the statistical models which increase the
possibility of the findings. Our study also had some limitations: First,
however we used a validated semi-quantitate FFQ, response errors, recall
bias, and social desirability are inevitable in gathering data using
FFQ. Second, the probability of selection bias in case-control studies
cannot be avoided and similar to all case--control studies, no cause and
effect association could be interpreted between DAL and PC. Third,
although we matched cases and controls by age and body mass index and
adjusted the findings for several confounders, always there are some
residual confounders, which might affect our findings.

In conclusion, the results of this study suggest that DAL could increase
the risk of prostate cancer. However, further comprehensive prospective
studies with larger sample size and longer duration are needed to
confirm these findings.

\section*{Conflict of interest}

{\label{conflict-of-interest}}

The authors declare no conflict of interest.

\textbf{Author Contribution:}

Alireza Jafari and Seyed Amir Reza Mohajeri: data collection, Yahya
Jalilpiran data analysis, Sanaz Mehranfar: manuscript writing, Shiva
Faghih: supervising final manuscript.

\section*{Acknowledgements}

{\label{acknowledgements}}

Special thanks to the participants for their kind cooperation in this
study. The Students Research Committee of Shiraz University of Medical
Sciences financially supported this study (grant number 93-01-21-9059).



\textbf{References}

1. Agalliu I, Adebiyi AO, Lounsbury DW, Popoola O, Jinadu K, Amodu O, et
al. The feasibility of epidemiological research on prostate cancer in
African men in Ibadan, Nigeria. BMC public health. 2015;15(1):425.

2. Shafi H, Mooudi E, Abolfazli M, Zarghami A, Mohamadpoumr M, Firoozjai
AR, et al. Screening of prostate cancer in individuals older than 40
years of age with positive heredity. Journal of Mazandaran University of
Medical Sciences. 2013;22(97):159-64.

3. Torres\selectlanguage{english}-Roman JS, Ruiz EF, Martinez\selectlanguage{english}-Herrera JF, Mendes Braga SF, Taxa
L, Saldana\selectlanguage{english}-Gallo J, et al. Prostate cancer mortality rates in Peru and
its geographical regions. BJU international. 2019;123(4):595-601.

4. Ferlay J, Ervik M, Lam F, Colombet M, Mery L, Pineros M, et al.
Global cancer Observatory: cancer today. Lyon, France: international
agency for research on cancer. Cancer Today. 2018.

5. Gathirua-Mwangi WG, Zhang J. Dietary factors and risk of advanced
prostate cancer. European journal of cancer prevention: the official
journal of the European Cancer Prevention Organisation (ECP).
2014;23(2):96.

6. KOLAH DS, SAJADI A, Radmard AR, KHADEMI H. Five common cancers in
Iran. 2010.

7. Pakzad R, Rafiemanesh H, Ghoncheh M, Sarmad A, Salehiniya H, Hosseini
S, et al. Prostate cancer in Iran: trends in incidence and morphological
and epidemiological characteristics. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer
Prevention. 2016;17(2):839-43.

8. Moradi A, Zamani M, Moudi E. A systematic review and meta-analysis on
incidence of prostate cancer in Iran. Health promotion perspectives.
2019;9(2):92.

9. Platz EA GE. Prostate cancer. In: Cancer epidemiology

and prevention. Oxford University Press. 2006:1128--50.

10. Heidenreich A, Bastian PJ, Bellmunt J, Bolla M, Joniau S, van der
Kwast T, et al. EAU guidelines on prostate cancer. Part 1: screening,
diagnosis, and local treatment with curative intent---update 2013.
European urology. 2014;65(1):124-37.

11. Askari F, Parizi MK, Jessri M, Rashidkhani B. Dietary patterns in
relation to prostate cancer in Iranian men: a case-control study. Asian
Pac J Cancer Prev. 2014;15(5):2159-63.

12. Ambrosini GL, Fritschi L, De Klerk NH, Mackerras D, Leavy J. Dietary
patterns identified using factor analysis and prostate cancer risk: a
case control study in Western Australia. Annals of epidemiology.
2008;18(5):364-70.

13. Rosato V, Edefonti V, Bravi F, Bosetti C, Bertuccio P, Talamini R,
et al. Nutrient-based dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk: a
case--control study from Italy. Cancer Causes \& Control.
2014;25(4):525-32.

14. De Stefani E, Ronco AL, Deneo-Pellegrini H, Boffetta P, Aune D,
Acosta G, et al. Dietary patterns and risk of advanced prostate cancer:
a principal component analysis in Uruguay. Cancer causes \& control.
2010;21(7):1009-16.

15. Jalilpiran Y, Dianatinasab M, Zeighami S, Bahmanpour S, Ghiasvand R,
Mohajeri SAR, et al. Western dietary pattern, but not mediterranean
dietary pattern, increases the risk of prostate cancer. Nutrition and
cancer. 2018;70(6):851-9.

16. Castello A, Boldo E, Amiano P, Castano-Vinyals G, Aragones N,
Gomez-Acebo I, et al. Mediterranean dietary pattern is associated with
low risk of aggressive prostate cancer: MCC-Spain Study. The Journal of
urology. 2018;199(2):430-7.

17. Jackson M, Tulloch-Reid M, Walker S, McFarlane-Anderson N, Bennett
F, Francis D, et al. Dietary patterns as predictors of prostate cancer
in Jamaican men. Nutrition and cancer. 2013;65(3):367-74.

18. Muller DC, Severi G, Baglietto L, Krishnan K, English DR, Hopper JL,
et al. Dietary patterns and prostate cancer risk. Cancer Epidemiology
and Prevention Biomarkers. 2009;18(11):3126-9.

19. Yang M, Kenfield SA, Van Blarigan EL, Batista JL, Sesso HD, Ma J, et
al. Dietary patterns after prostate cancer diagnosis in relation to
disease-specific and total mortality. Cancer prevention research.
2015;8(6):545-51.

20. Bosire C, Stampfer MJ, Subar AF, Park Y, Kirkpatrick SI, Chiuve SE,
et al. Index-based dietary patterns and the risk of prostate cancer in
the NIH-AARP diet and health study. American journal of epidemiology.
2013;177(6):504-13.

21. Moller E, Galeone C, Andersson TM-L, Bellocco R, Adami H-O, Andren
O, et al. Mediterranean Diet Score and prostate cancer risk in a Swedish
population-based case--control study. Journal of nutritional science.
2013;2.

22. Hashemian M, Poustchi H, Abnet CC, Boffetta P, Dawsey SM, Brennan
PJ, et al. Dietary intake of minerals and risk of esophageal squamous
cell carcinoma: results from the Golestan Cohort Study. The American
journal of clinical nutrition. 2015;102(1):102-8.

23. Eslamparast T, Sharafkhah M, Poustchi H, Hashemian M, Dawsey SM,
Freedman ND, et al. Nut consumption and total and cause-specific
mortality: results from the Golestan Cohort Study. International journal
of epidemiology. 2017;46(1):75-85.

24. Frassetto LA, Todd KM, Morris Jr RC, Sebastian A. Estimation of net
endogenous noncarbonic acid production in humans from diet potassium and
protein contents. The American journal of clinical nutrition.
1998;68(3):576-83.

25. Remer T, Manz F. Estimation of the renal net acid excretion by
adults consuming diets containing variable amounts of protein. The
American journal of clinical nutrition. 1994;59(6):1356-61.

26. GONICK HC, Goldberg G, Mulcare D. Reexamination of the acid-ash
content of several diets. The American journal of clinical nutrition.
1968;21(9):898-903.

27. Sebastian A, Frassetto LA, Sellmeyer DE, Merriam RL, Morris Jr RC.
Estimation of the net acid load of the diet of ancestral preagricultural
Homo sapiens and their hominid ancestors. The American journal of
clinical nutrition. 2002;76(6):1308-16.

28. Remer T, Dimitriou T, Manz F. Dietary potential renal acid load and
renal net acid excretion in healthy, free-living children and
adolescents. Am J Clin Nutr. 2003;77(5):1255-60.

29. Murakami K, Sasaki S, Takahashi Y, Uenishi K. Association between
dietary acid-base load and cardiometabolic risk factors in young
Japanese women. The British journal of nutrition. 2008;100(3):642-51.

30. Fagherazzi G, Vilier A, Bonnet F, Lajous M, Balkau B, Boutron-Rualt
MC, et al. Dietary acid load and risk of type 2 diabetes: the E3N-EPIC
cohort study. Diabetologia. 2014;57(2):313-20.

31. Zhang L, Curhan GC, Forman JP. Diet-dependent net acid load and risk
of incident hypertension in United States women. Hypertension (Dallas,
Tex : 1979). 2009;54(4):751-5.

32. Krupp D, Johner SA, Kalhoff H, Buyken AE, Remer T. Long-term dietary
potential renal acid load during adolescence is prospectively associated
with indices of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease in young women. The
Journal of nutrition. 2012;142(2):313-9.

33. Engberink MF, Bakker SJ, Brink EJ, van Baak MA, van Rooij FJ, Hofman
A, et al. Dietary acid load and risk of hypertension: the Rotterdam
Study. Am J Clin Nutr. 2012;95(6):1438-44.

34. Robey IF. Examining the relationship between diet-induced acidosis
and cancer. Nutrition \& metabolism. 2012;9(1):72.

35. Fenton TR, Huang T. Systematic review of the association between
dietary acid load, alkaline water and cancer. BMJ open.
2016;6(6):e010438.

36. Nematy M NM, Ghazizahedi Sh. Validity and

reproducibility of Iranian food frequency questionnaire. Switz Res Park
J. 2013;102, 2137-46.

37. Tafazoli M, Fazeli E, Nematy M, Bahri N, Dadgar S. The relationship
between functional ovarian cysts and vitamin A, vitamin E, and folate
intake. Journal of obstetrics and gynaecology : the journal of the
Institute of Obstetrics and Gynaecology. 2017;37(2):205-9.

38. Mosallaei Z MM, Safariyan M, Norouzy A,, Mohajeri SAR ea. Dietary
intake and its relationship

with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD).

39. Remer T, Manz F. Potential renal acid load of foods and its
influence on urine pH. Journal of the American Dietetic Association.
1995;95(7):791-7.

40. Xu X, Cheng Y, Li S, Zhu Y, Xu X, Zheng X, et al. Dietary carrot
consumption and the risk of prostate cancer. European journal of
nutrition. 2014;53(8):1615-23.

41. Lu Y, Zhai L, Zeng J, Peng Q, Wang J, Deng Y, et al. Coffee
consumption and prostate cancer risk: an updated meta-analysis. Cancer
Causes \& Control. 2014;25(5):591-604.

42. Zhou X-F, Ding Z-S, Liu N-B. Allium vegetables and risk of prostate
cancer: evidence from 132,192 subjects. Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer
Prevention. 2013;14(7):4131-4.

43. Lin Y-w, Hu Z-h, Wang X, Mao Q-q, Qin J, Zheng X-y, et al. Tea
consumption and prostate cancer: an updated meta-analysis. World journal
of surgical oncology. 2014;12(1):38.

44. Sheng T, Shen R-l, Shao H, Ma T-h. No association between fiber
intake and prostate cancer risk: a meta-analysis of epidemiological
studies. World journal of surgical oncology. 2015;13(1):264.

45. Chen P, Zhang W, Wang X, Zhao K, Negi DS, Zhuo L, et al. Lycopene
and risk of prostate cancer: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Medicine. 2015;94(33).

46. Chen J SY, and Zhang LJ Nutr Sci Vitaminol 59, 213--223, 2013.:
Lycopene/Tomato consumption and the risk of prostate cancer: a
systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies. . 2013.;59,
213--223, .

47. Xu C, Han F-F, Zeng X-T, Liu T-Z, Li S, Gao Z-Y. Fat intake is not
linked to prostate cancer: a systematic review and dose-response
meta-analysis. PloS one. 2015;10(7).

48. Meng H, Hu W, Chen Z, Shen Y. Fruit and vegetable intake and
prostate cancer risk: A meta\selectlanguage{english}-analysis. Asia\selectlanguage{english}-Pacific Journal of Clinical
Oncology. 2014;10(2):133-40.

49. Wu K, Spiegelman D, Hou T, Albanes D, Allen NE, Berndt SI, et al.
Associations between unprocessed red and processed meat, poultry,
seafood and egg intake and the risk of prostate cancer: a pooled
analysis of 15 prospective cohort studies. International journal of
cancer. 2016;138(10):2368-82.

50. Aune D, Navarro Rosenblatt DA, Chan DS, Vieira AR, Vieira R,
Greenwood DC, et al. Dairy products, calcium, and prostate cancer risk:
a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies. The American
journal of clinical nutrition. 2015;101(1):87-117.

51. Robey IF. Examining the relationship between diet-induced acidosis
and cancer. Nutrition \& metabolism. 2012;9(1):72.

52. Young RO, Young SR. The pH Miracle: Balance your Diet, reclaim your
health: Hachette UK; 2008.

53. Cancer Alkaline Diet is the Natural Cure. http://wwwyoutube.
2012.;com/watch?v=ttm3q7kweL4 (accessed 27 Jul 2015).

54. Ohsawa G. Acid \& Alkaline---an overview of pH and human health.

2012. 2012.

55. McCarty MF, Whitaker J. Manipulating tumor acidification as a cancer
treatment strategy. Altern Med Rev. 2010;15(3):264-72.

56. Gillies RJ, Raghunand N, Garcia-Martin ML, Gatenby RA. pH imaging.
IEEE Engineering in medicine and biology magazine. 2004;23(5):57-64.

57. Safabakhsh M, Imani H, Yaseri M, Omranipour R, Shab\selectlanguage{english}-Bidar S. Higher
dietary acid load is not associated with risk of breast cancer in
Iranian women. Cancer Reports. 2020;3(2):e1212.

58. Park YMM, Steck SE, Fung TT, Merchant AT, Elizabeth Hodgson M,
Keller JA, et al. Higher diet\selectlanguage{english}-dependent acid load is associated with
risk of breast cancer: Findings from the sister study. International
journal of cancer. 2019;144(8):1834-43.

59. Park M, Jung SJ, Yoon S, Yun JM, Yoon H-J. Association between the
markers of metabolic acid load and higher all-cause and cardiovascular
mortality in a general population with preserved renal function.
Hypertension Research. 2015;38(6):433-8.

60. Kato Y, Ozawa S, Miyamoto C, Maehata Y, Suzuki A, Maeda T, et al.
Acidic extracellular microenvironment and cancer. Cancer cell
international. 2013;13(1):89.

61. Justus CR, Dong L, Yang LV. Acidic tumor microenvironment and
pH-sensing G protein-coupled receptors. Frontiers in physiology.
2013;4:354.

62. Rofstad EK, Mathiesen B, Kindem K, Galappathi K. Acidic
extracellular pH promotes experimental metastasis of human melanoma
cells in athymic nude mice. Cancer research. 2006;66(13):6699-707.

63. Huang S, Tang Y, Peng X, Cai X, Wa Q, Ren D, et al. Acidic
extracellular pH promotes prostate cancer bone metastasis by enhancing
PC-3 stem cell characteristics, cell invasiveness and VEGF-induced
vasculogenesis of BM-EPCs. Oncology reports. 2016;36(4):2025-32.

64. Gillies RJ, Raghunand N, Garcia-Martin ML, Gatenby RA. pH imaging. A
review of pH measurement methods and applications in cancers. IEEE
engineering in medicine and biology magazine : the quarterly magazine of
the Engineering in Medicine \& Biology Society. 2004;23(5):57-64.

65. Busco G, Cardone RA, Greco MR, Bellizzi A, Colella M, Antelmi E, et
al. NHE1 promotes invadopodial ECM proteolysis through acidification of
the peri-invadopodial space. The FASEB Journal. 2010;24(10):3903-15.

66. Buclin T, Cosma M, Appenzeller M, Jacquet A-F, Decosterd L, Biollaz
J, et al. Diet acids and alkalis influence calcium retention in bone.
Osteoporosis International. 2001;12(6):493-9.

67. Maurer M, Riesen W, Muser J, Hulter HN, Krapf R. Neutralization of
Western diet inhibits bone resorption independently of K intake and
reduces cortisol secretion in humans. American Journal of
Physiology-Renal Physiology. 2003;284(1):F32-F40.

68. Krapf R, Glatz M, Hulter HN. Neutral phosphate administration
generates and maintains renal metabolic alkalosis and
hyperparathyroidism. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology.
1995;268(5):F802-F7.

69. Frassetto LA, Morris JR, Sebastian A. A practical approach to the
balance between acid production and renal acid excretion in humans.
Journal of nephrology. 2006;19:S33-40.

70. Remer T, Manz F. Potential renal acid load of foods and its
influence on urine pH. Journal of the American Dietetic Association.
1995;95(7):791-7.

71. Remer T. Influence of nutrition on acid-base balance--metabolic
aspects. European journal of nutrition. 2001;40(5):214-20.

72. Frassetto LA, Morris Jr RC, Sebastian A. Effect of age on blood
acid-base composition in adult humans: role of age-related renal
functional decline. American Journal of Physiology-Renal Physiology.
1996;271(6):F1114-F22.

\textbf{Table 1.} General characteristics of participants across
tertiles of PRAL and NEAP scores among 60 prostatic cancer cases and 60
hospital-based controls\textsuperscript{a}.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllllllll@{}}
\toprule
Variable & PRAL & PRAL & PRAL & PRAL & NEAP & NEAP & NEAP &
NEAP\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
& Tertile 1 & Tertile 2 & Tertile 3 & P trend\textsuperscript{b} &
Tertile 1 & Tertile 2 & Tertile 3 & P trend\tabularnewline
Age (y) & 55.77 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 9.26 & 65.17 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 9.03 & 66.12 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 10.14 & 0.003 & 60.25 \selectlanguage{ngerman}±
9.12 & 65.05 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 9.60 & 65.77 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 10.01 & 0.01\tabularnewline
BMI (kg/m2) & 26.69 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.46 & 24.37 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.32 & 24.99 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.61 & 0.03 & 26.53
\selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.39 & 24.23 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.45 & 25.28 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.59 & 0.11\tabularnewline
Energy intake (Kcal/day) & 2827.76 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 687.41 & 2521.78 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 639.24 & 2612.98
\selectlanguage{ngerman}± 616.46 & 0.14 & 2765.64 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 668.65 & 2674.07 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 704.71 & 2522.82 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 580.74
& 0.10\tabularnewline
\emph{Ethnicity} & & & & 0.71 & & & & 0.95\tabularnewline
\emph{Fars} & 31(77.5) & 33(82.5) & 30(75.0) & & 31(77.5) & 32(80.0) &
31(77.5) &\tabularnewline
\emph{Non Fars} & 9(22.5) & 7(17.5) & 10(25.0) & & 9(22.5) & 8(20.0) &
9(22.5) &\tabularnewline
\emph{job} & & & & 0.96 & & & & 0.52\tabularnewline
\emph{Employment} & 24(60) & 23(57.5) & 24(60.0) & & 24(60.0) & 21(52.5)
& 26(65.0) &\tabularnewline
\emph{Unemployment **} & 16(40.0) & 17(42.5) & 16(40.0) & & 16(40.0) &
19(47.5) & 14(35.0) &\tabularnewline
\emph{Education} & & & & 0.07 & & & & 0.04\tabularnewline
\emph{Illiterate \& primary} & 19(47.5) & 25(62.5) & 29(72.5) & &
19(47.5) & 24(60.0) & 30(75.0) &\tabularnewline
\emph{Diploma \& academic} & 21(52.5) & 15(37.5) & 11(27.5) & & 21(52.5)
& 16(40.0) & 10(25.0) &\tabularnewline
\emph{Smokers (\%)} & 11(27.5) & 12(30.0) & 7(17.5) & 0.39 & 11(27.5) &
13(32.5) & 6(15.0) & 0.18\tabularnewline
\emph{Physical activity} & & & & 0.04 & & & & 0.11\tabularnewline
\emph{less or never} & 9(22.5) & 11(27.5) & 15(37.5) & & 9(22.5) &
11(27.5) & 15(37.5) &\tabularnewline
\emph{moderate} & 12(30.0) & 21(52.5) & 16(40.0) & & 13(32.5) & 20(50.0)
& 16(40.0) &\tabularnewline
\emph{high} & 19(47.5) & 8(20.0) & 9(22.5) & & 18(45.0) & 9(22.5) &
9(22.5) &\tabularnewline
\emph{Antihyperlipidemic drug user(\%)} & 5(12.5) & 2(5.0) & 5(12.5) &
0.44 & 5(12.5) & 1(2.5) & 6(15.0) & 0.14\tabularnewline
\emph{Antihypertensive drug user(\%)} & 8(20.0) & 9(22.5) & 15(37.5) &
0.16 & 9(22.5) & 6(15.0) & 17(42.5) & 0.02\tabularnewline
\emph{Aspirin user (\%)} & 8(20.0) & 11(27.5) & 6(15.0) & 0.38 & 9(22.5)
& 8(20.0) & 8(20.0) & 0.12\tabularnewline
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production;
BMI, body mass index. ** Unemployed participants were retired or jobless
individuals. \textsuperscript{a} Data are presented as mean \selectlanguage{ngerman}± SD or
number (percent). \textsuperscript{b} P values are from one way analysis
of variance (ANOVA) test for quantitative and Chi-square or Fischer
exact tests for qualitative variables comparisons across tertiles of
dietary acid load, respectively. & PRAL, potential renal acid load;
NEAP, net endogenous acid production; BMI, body mass index. **
Unemployed participants were retired or jobless individuals.
\textsuperscript{a} Data are presented as mean \selectlanguage{ngerman}± SD or number (percent).
\textsuperscript{b} P values are from one way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) test for quantitative and Chi-square or Fischer exact tests for
qualitative variables comparisons across tertiles of dietary acid load,
respectively. & PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous
acid production; BMI, body mass index. ** Unemployed participants were
retired or jobless individuals. \textsuperscript{a} Data are presented
as mean \selectlanguage{ngerman}± SD or number (percent). \textsuperscript{b} P values are from
one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for quantitative and
Chi-square or Fischer exact tests for qualitative variables comparisons
across tertiles of dietary acid load, respectively. & PRAL, potential
renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production; BMI, body mass
index. ** Unemployed participants were retired or jobless individuals.
\textsuperscript{a} Data are presented as mean \selectlanguage{ngerman}± SD or number (percent).
\textsuperscript{b} P values are from one way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) test for quantitative and Chi-square or Fischer exact tests for
qualitative variables comparisons across tertiles of dietary acid load,
respectively. & PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous
acid production; BMI, body mass index. ** Unemployed participants were
retired or jobless individuals. \textsuperscript{a} Data are presented
as mean \selectlanguage{ngerman}± SD or number (percent). \textsuperscript{b} P values are from
one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for quantitative and
Chi-square or Fischer exact tests for qualitative variables comparisons
across tertiles of dietary acid load, respectively. & PRAL, potential
renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production; BMI, body mass
index. ** Unemployed participants were retired or jobless individuals.
\textsuperscript{a} Data are presented as mean \selectlanguage{ngerman}± SD or number (percent).
\textsuperscript{b} P values are from one way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) test for quantitative and Chi-square or Fischer exact tests for
qualitative variables comparisons across tertiles of dietary acid load,
respectively. & PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous
acid production; BMI, body mass index. ** Unemployed participants were
retired or jobless individuals. \textsuperscript{a} Data are presented
as mean \selectlanguage{ngerman}± SD or number (percent). \textsuperscript{b} P values are from
one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for quantitative and
Chi-square or Fischer exact tests for qualitative variables comparisons
across tertiles of dietary acid load, respectively. & PRAL, potential
renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production; BMI, body mass
index. ** Unemployed participants were retired or jobless individuals.
\textsuperscript{a} Data are presented as mean \selectlanguage{ngerman}± SD or number (percent).
\textsuperscript{b} P values are from one way analysis of variance
(ANOVA) test for quantitative and Chi-square or Fischer exact tests for
qualitative variables comparisons across tertiles of dietary acid load,
respectively. & PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous
acid production; BMI, body mass index. ** Unemployed participants were
retired or jobless individuals. \textsuperscript{a} Data are presented
as mean \selectlanguage{ngerman}± SD or number (percent). \textsuperscript{b} P values are from
one way analysis of variance (ANOVA) test for quantitative and
Chi-square or Fischer exact tests for qualitative variables comparisons
across tertiles of dietary acid load, respectively.\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}\selectlanguage{ngerman}

\textbf{Table 2.} Dietary intakes of participants across tertiles of
PRAL and NEAP scores among 60 prostatic cancer cases and 60
hospital-based controls.\textsuperscript{a}\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllllllll@{}}
\toprule
\begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Variables\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NEAP\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NEAP\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NEAP\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[b]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
NEAP\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Tertile 1 (N=40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Tertile 2 (N=40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Tertile 3 (N=40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
P-value\textsuperscript{b}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Tertile 1 (N=40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Tertile 2 (N=40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Tertile 3 (N=40)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.11\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
P-value\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Carbohydrate (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
363.22 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.87\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
316.94 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.80\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
331.69 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.71\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.06\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
362.87 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.80\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
323.12 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.74\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
325.86 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.83\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.08\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Protein (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
106.92 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.07\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
104.56 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.05\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
126.44 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.03\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
105.37 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
106.66 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.07\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
125.80 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 3.09\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Total fat (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
60.12 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 4.44\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
57.24 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 4.42\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
68.30 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 4.39\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
80.30 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 4.35\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54.88 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 4.33\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
70.48 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 4.36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.04\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Dietary fiber (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.96 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.76\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20.98 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.75\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.96 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.75\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.67 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.77\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
21.26 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.77\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
18.98 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.77\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin A (RAE/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3317.38 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 206.04\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2424.26 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 205.01\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3002.92 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 203.70\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.01\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3185.07 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 207.16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2492.39 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 206.17\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3067.10 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 207.56\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.04\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin E (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.40 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.05 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.97 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5.39 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4.09 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3.94 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin K (\selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}g/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
152.70 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.70\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
109.27 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.66\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
109.83 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.62\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
150.75 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.72\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
113.12 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.68\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
107.93 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.73\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin D (\selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}g/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.74 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.37\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.56 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.48 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.88\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.75 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.21 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1.83 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.43\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin C (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
221.67 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 8.05\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
163.70 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 8.01\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
135.23 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.96\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
220.62 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 8.09\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
163.31 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 8.05\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
136.67 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 8.10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin B1 (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.46 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.29 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.41 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.29\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.45 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.33 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.38 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.56\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin B2 (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.32 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.18 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.74 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.02\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.30 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.24 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.71 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.05\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin B3 (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28.35 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.10\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28.66 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.09\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33.11 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.003\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28.14 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
28.76 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
33.23 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.09\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.002\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin B5 (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.06 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.39 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.17 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.05\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.02 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.50 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.11 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.24\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.15\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin B6 (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.95 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.27 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.17\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.33 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.17\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.01\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.93 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.28 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.17\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
2.34 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.02\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin B9 (\selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}g/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
401.88 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.27\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
316.47 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.21\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
317.08 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.13\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
397.63 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.39\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
321.68 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.32\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
316.12 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.41\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vitamin B12 (\selectlanguage{greek}µ\selectlanguage{english}g/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
7.49 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.60\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
8.75 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.59\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20.38 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.57\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
6.85 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.59\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
9.44 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.57\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
20.32 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.59\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Potassium (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5544.70 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 154.99\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4094.10 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 154.21\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3888.35 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 153.23\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
5493.94 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 156.91\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
4160.38 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 156.16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
3865.63 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 157.21\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Calcium (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1280.50 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 36.32\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1051.64 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 36.14\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1063.23 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 35.91\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1277.21 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 36.06\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1097.82 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 35.89\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1050.34 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 36.13\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Iron (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
24.38 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.51\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
22.67 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.50\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.57 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.49\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.06\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
23.69 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.50\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
23.32 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.49\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
27.61 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 1.50\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.09\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Magnesium (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
454.75 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.46\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
358.39 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.40\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
341.26 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.32\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
448.73 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.71\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
364.13 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.65\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
341.54 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 12.74\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Zinc (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11.81 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.37\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11.03 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.37\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12.63 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.37\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.01\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11.61 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.37\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
11.16 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.37\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
12.70 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 0.37\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.01\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Phosphorous (mg/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1511.73 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 38.08\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1379.47 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 37.88\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1476.19 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 37.64\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.04\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1502.47 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 38.36\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1410.48 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 38.18\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
1454.43 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 38.43\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.24\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Fruits (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
637.78 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 35.03\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
468.35 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 34.39\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
345.34 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 34.16\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
639.18 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 35.02\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
455.65 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 34.39\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
356.67 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 34.63\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Vegetables (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
812.68 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 31.04\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
604.28 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 30.89\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
548.17 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 30.69\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
800.50 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 31.50\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
612.12 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 31.35\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
552.51 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 31.56\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Dairy (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
441.27 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 25.33\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
400.38 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 35.20\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
378.46 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 25.04\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.21\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
451.44 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 24.84\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
404.57 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 24.72\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
364.10 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 24.89\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.05\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Nut/Legumes (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
56.34 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.69\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
55.69 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.68\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
51.57 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.66\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.39\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
54.67 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.65\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
58.23 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.64\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
50.70 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 2.66\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.14\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Grains (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
367.97 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.78\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
414.07 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.71\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
429.46 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.63\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.01\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
371.38 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.81\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
416.23 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.75\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
423.88 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 13.84\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.02\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Fish/Poultry (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
91.08 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.51\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
99.50 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.47\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
131.66 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.43\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
89.86 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.57\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
104.48 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.53\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
127.90 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.58\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
0.002\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
Red/processed meats (gr/day)\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
65.38 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.60\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.59 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.56\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
112.80 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.51\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
61.30 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.33\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
74.79 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.29\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
116.67 \selectlanguage{ngerman}± 7.34\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
\textless{}0.001\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} \selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsubscript{Data are presented as mean ± SE.}
\textsuperscript{b} \textsubscript{Ancova test was used.}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} \selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsubscript{Data are presented as mean ± SE.}
\textsuperscript{b} \textsubscript{Ancova test was used.}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} \selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsubscript{Data are presented as mean ± SE.}
\textsuperscript{b} \textsubscript{Ancova test was used.}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} \selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsubscript{Data are presented as mean ± SE.}
\textsuperscript{b} \textsubscript{Ancova test was used.}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} \selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsubscript{Data are presented as mean ± SE.}
\textsuperscript{b} \textsubscript{Ancova test was used.}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} \selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsubscript{Data are presented as mean ± SE.}
\textsuperscript{b} \textsubscript{Ancova test was used.}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} \selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsubscript{Data are presented as mean ± SE.}
\textsuperscript{b} \textsubscript{Ancova test was used.}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} \selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsubscript{Data are presented as mean ± SE.}
\textsuperscript{b} \textsubscript{Ancova test was used.}\strut
\end{minipage} & \begin{minipage}[t]{0.08\columnwidth}\raggedright\strut
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} \selectlanguage{ngerman}\textsubscript{Data are presented as mean ± SE.}
\textsuperscript{b} \textsubscript{Ancova test was used.}\strut
\end{minipage}\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}\selectlanguage{ngerman}

\textbf{Table 3} . Risk of prostate cancer in relation to PRAL and NEAP
among 60 prostatic cancer cases and 60 hospital-based
controls\textsuperscript{a}.\selectlanguage{english}
\begin{longtable}[]{@{}lllll@{}}
\toprule
Patterns & Categories of PRAL and NEAP scores & Categories of PRAL and
NEAP scores & Categories of PRAL and NEAP scores & Categories of PRAL
and NEAP scores\tabularnewline
\midrule
\endhead
& Tertile 1 & Tertile 2 & Tertile 3 & P trend\tabularnewline
PRAL & (\textless{}-14.28 mEq/d) & (-14.28 to 2.57 mEq/d) &
(\textgreater{} 2.57 mEq/d) &\tabularnewline
No. cases/controls & 12/28 & 20/20 & 28/12 &\tabularnewline
Crude & 1.00 (Ref ) & 2.33(0.93-5.84) & 4.88(2.22-13.41) &
0.001\tabularnewline
Model 1 & 1.00 (Ref ) & 1.78(0.62-5.12) & 3.94(1.37-1131) &
0.01\tabularnewline
Model 2 & 1.00 (Ref ) & 1.72(0.89-5.04) & 3.94(1.32-11.71) &
0.01\tabularnewline
Model 3 & 1.00 (Ref ) & 2.07(0.68-6.32) & 3.42(1.11-8.65) &
0.03\tabularnewline
NEAP & (\textless{}38.09 mEq/d) & (38.09 to 49.97 mEq/d) &
(\textgreater{} 49.97 mEq/d) &\tabularnewline
No. cases/controls & 12/28 & 20/20 & 28/12 &\tabularnewline
Crude & 1.00 (Ref ) & 2.33(0.93-5.84) & 5.44(2.09-14.17) &
0.001\tabularnewline
Model 1 & 1.00 (Ref ) & 1.64(0.59-4.58) & 4.25(1.49-12.10) &
0.01\tabularnewline
Model 2 & 1.00 (Ref ) & 1.55(0.55-4.39) & 4.29(1.45-12.71) &
0.01\tabularnewline
Model 3 & 1.00 (Ref ) & 1.63(0.56-4.79) & 3.88(1.26-9.55) &
0.02\tabularnewline
PRAL, potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} Multivariate logistic regression was used. Data are
presented as odds ratio (95\% confidence interval). Model 1: Adjusted
for age, body mass index, energy intake, smoking, and physical activity.
Model 2: Adjusted for confounders in model 1 plus ethnicity, job, and
education. Model 3: Adjusted for confounders in model 2 plus drug usage
(Antihyperlipidemic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, and aspirin). & PRAL,
potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} Multivariate logistic regression was used. Data are
presented as odds ratio (95\% confidence interval). Model 1: Adjusted
for age, body mass index, energy intake, smoking, and physical activity.
Model 2: Adjusted for confounders in model 1 plus ethnicity, job, and
education. Model 3: Adjusted for confounders in model 2 plus drug usage
(Antihyperlipidemic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, and aspirin). & PRAL,
potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} Multivariate logistic regression was used. Data are
presented as odds ratio (95\% confidence interval). Model 1: Adjusted
for age, body mass index, energy intake, smoking, and physical activity.
Model 2: Adjusted for confounders in model 1 plus ethnicity, job, and
education. Model 3: Adjusted for confounders in model 2 plus drug usage
(Antihyperlipidemic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, and aspirin). & PRAL,
potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} Multivariate logistic regression was used. Data are
presented as odds ratio (95\% confidence interval). Model 1: Adjusted
for age, body mass index, energy intake, smoking, and physical activity.
Model 2: Adjusted for confounders in model 1 plus ethnicity, job, and
education. Model 3: Adjusted for confounders in model 2 plus drug usage
(Antihyperlipidemic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, and aspirin). & PRAL,
potential renal acid load; NEAP, net endogenous acid production.
\textsuperscript{a} Multivariate logistic regression was used. Data are
presented as odds ratio (95\% confidence interval). Model 1: Adjusted
for age, body mass index, energy intake, smoking, and physical activity.
Model 2: Adjusted for confounders in model 1 plus ethnicity, job, and
education. Model 3: Adjusted for confounders in model 2 plus drug usage
(Antihyperlipidemic drugs, antihypertensive drugs, and
aspirin).\tabularnewline
\bottomrule
\end{longtable}

\selectlanguage{english}
\FloatBarrier
\end{document}

