Flow cytometry
For the apoptosis assay, cells were collected after treatment, and an Annexin V/PI detection kit (BD Biosciences) was used to detect apoptosis by flow cytometry according to the protocol described. For the ROS assay, cells were incubated with the probe DCFH-DA at a concentration of 10 μM after the different treatments for 30 min at 37 °C, and then flow cytometry was used for fluorescence intensity detection. For the mitochondrial ROS assay, cells subjected to the different treatments were incubated with the probe mitoSOX at a concentration of 5 μM for 10 min at 37 °C, and then flow cytometry was used for fluorescence intensity detection. For the plasma membrane potential assay, cells were incubated in KRH (Krebs-Ringer-HEPES) buffer containing 100 nM DiBAC4(3) for 20 min at room temperature before flow cytometry detection. For the mitochondrial membrane potential (MMP) assay, TMRM was also detected by flow cytometry.