References
1. Brooks JP, Buck GA, Chen G, Diao L, Edwards DJ, Fettweis JM, et al. Changes in vaginal community state types reflect major shifts in the microbiome. Microb Ecol Health Dis [Internet]. 2017;28(1):1303265. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28572753
2. Bayar E, Bennett PR, Chan D, Sykes L, MacIntyre DA. The pregnancy microbiome and preterm birth. Semin Immunopathol [Internet]. 2020 Aug;42(4):487–99. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32797272
3. Committee Opinion No. 797: Prevention of Group B Streptococcal Early-Onset Disease in Newborns: Correction. Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2020;135(4):978–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32217968
4. Phares CR, Lynfield R, Farley MM, Mohle-Boetani J, Harrison LH, Petit S, et al. Epidemiology of invasive group B streptococcal disease in the United States, 1999-2005. JAMA [Internet]. 2008 May 7;299(17):2056–65. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/18460666
5. McCoy JA, Elovitz MA, Alby K, Koelper NC, Nissim I, Levine LD. Association of Obesity With Maternal and Cord Blood Penicillin Levels in Women With Group B Streptococcus Colonization. Obstet Gynecol [Internet]. 2020 Oct;136(4):756–64. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32925625
6. Hansen SM, Uldbjerg N, Kilian M, Sørensen UBS. Dynamics of Streptococcus agalactiae colonization in women during and after pregnancy and in their infants. J Clin Microbiol [Internet]. 2004 Jan;42(1):83–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/14715736
7. Moher D, Liberati A, Tetzlaff J, Altman DG, Altman D, Antes G, et al. Preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses: The PRISMA statement. PLoS Med. 2009;6(7).
8. Leizer J, Nasioudis D, Forney LJ, Schneider GM, Gliniewicz K, Boester A, et al. Properties of Epithelial Cells and Vaginal Secretions in Pregnant Women When Lactobacillus crispatus or Lactobacillus iners Dominate the Vaginal Microbiome. Reprod Sci. 2018;25(6):854–60.
9. Jayaprakash TP, Wagner EC, Van Schalkwyk J, Albert AYK, Hill JE, Money DM, et al. High diversity and variability in the vaginal microbiome in women following Preterm Premature Rupture of Membranes (PPROM): A prospective cohort study. PLoS One. 2016;11(11):1–19.
10. Brumbaugh DE, Arruda J, Robbins K, Ir D, Santorico SA, Robertson CE, et al. Mode of delivery determines neonatal pharyngeal bacterial composition and early intestinal colonization. J Pediatr Gastroenterol Nutr. 2016;63(3):320–8.
11. Roesch LFW, Silveira RC, Corso AL, Dobbler PT, Mai V, Rojas BS, et al. Diversity and composition of vaginal microbiota of pregnant women at risk for transmitting Group B Streptococcus treated with intrapartum penicillin. PLoS One. 2017;12(2):1–13.
12. Brooks JP, Edwards DJ, Harwich MD, Rivera MC, Fettweis JM, Serrano MG, et al. The truth about metagenomics: Quantifying and counteracting bias in 16S rRNA studies Ecological and evolutionary microbiology. BMC Microbiol. 2015;15(1):1–14.
13. Knight R, Vrbanac A, Taylor BC, Aksenov A, Callewaert C, Debelius J, et al. Best practices for analysing microbiomes. Nat Rev Microbiol [Internet]. 2018;16(7):410–22. Available from: http://dx.doi.org/10.1038/s41579-018-0029-9
14. Graspeuntner S, Loeper N, Künzel S, Baines JF, Rupp J. Selection of validated hypervariable regions is crucial in 16S-based microbiota studies of the female genital tract. Sci Rep [Internet]. 2018;8(1):9678. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29946153
15. Fettweis JM, Serrano MG, Sheth NU, Mayer CM, Glascock AL, Brooks JP, et al. Species-level classification of the vaginal microbiome. BMC Genomics [Internet]. 2012;13 Suppl 8:S17. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23282177
16. Goltsman DSA, Sun CL, Proctor DM, DiGiulio DB, Robaczewska A, Thomas BC, et al. Metagenomic analysis with strain-level resolution reveals fine-scale variation in the human pregnancy microbiome. Genome Res. 2018;28(10):1467–80.
17. Price JT, Vwalika B, Hobbs M, Nelson JAE, Stringer EM, Zou F, et al. Highly diverse anaerobe-predominant vaginal microbiota among HIV-infected pregnant women in Zambia. PLoS One. 2019;14(10):1–17.
18. Hussain FN, Al-Ibraheemi Z, Pan S, Francis AP, Taylor D, Lam MC, et al. The Accuracy of Group Beta Streptococcus Rectovaginal Cultures at 35 to 37 Weeks of Gestation in Predicting Colonization Intrapartum. AJP Rep [Internet]. 2019 Jul;9(3):e302–9. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31555492
19. Berardi A, Rossi C, Guidotti I, Vellani G, Lugli L, Bacchi Reggiani ML, et al. Factors associated with intrapartum transmission of group B Streptococcus. Pediatr Infect Dis J [Internet]. 2014 Dec;33(12):1211–5. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25037035
20. Seedat F, Brown CS, Stinton C, Patterson J, Geppert J, Freeman K, et al. Bacterial Load and Molecular Markers Associated With Early-onset Group B Streptococcus: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis. Pediatr Infect Dis J [Internet]. 2018;37(12):e306–14. Available from: http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29601454
Table 1. Comparison of GBS Reported and GBS Not Reported Studies