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Figure 1. Sagittal view (A) and 3-D reconstruction (B) of a CT chest showing extensive ascending aortic calcifications in a 71 year-old lady admitted with unstable angina; coronary angiogram showed severe distal left main disease.
Figure 2. Geometric characteristics of calcified particles on the macroscopic scale are demonstrated. Deposits were collected from the ascending aorta following repeated aortic cross-clamping (ACC). A baseline recording prior to clamping is denoted by zero on the horizontal axis. The curve represent embolic load from multiplying the number of particles with particle area produced at ACC 1 to 10. From Boivie et al (48)
Figure 3. Intraoperative TOE showing grade IV (>5mm) and grade 5 (mobile) aortic arch atheroma of a 72 year-old man undergoing combined right carotid endarterectomy and anaortic OPCAB.
Figure 4. Configuration of grafts to achieve complete revascularisation using a left internal mammary artery to left anterior descending artery, and right internal mammary artery-radial artery tandem graft to lateral and inferior walls. From Ramponi et al (73)
Figure 5 Network meta-analysis comparing anOPCAB, OPCAB with proximal anastomotic device, OPCAB with a partial-occlusion clamp, and traditional on-pump CABG with aortic cross-clamping. Taken from Zhao et al (19).