Figure 3 Piercing and sucking behaviors of the hibiscus-specialized lineage (HI) of Aphis gossypii cultured on fresh (fre) and downy mildew pre-infected (infe) cucumber leaf for the first generation (F1). E2 waveform represents phloem sap (nutrient-rich food of aphid) ingestion phase. Vertical whiskers attached to the boxes indicate min and max values; means were pairwise compared by Mann Whitney test;N CO_fre_F1=18;N CO_infe_F1=11;N CU_fre_F1=11.