Figure 1 Fitness of the hibiscus-specialized lineage (HI) of A. gossypii on fresh (fre) and downy mildew pre-infected cucumber leaf (infe) in consecutive generations. A, life table parameters of the first (F1) and the third generation (F3): R₀ =net reproductive rate, r =the intrinsic rate of increase,λ= finite rate of increase, T= generation time. B, survival rate & fecundity comparion of HI on fresh and pre-infected cucumber. C, survival rate & fecundity comparion of the cucumber-specialized lineage (CU) and HI with feeding experence on pre-infected cucumber (HI adapted) on fresh cucumber. D, damage symptom of HI, HI adapted and CU on healthy cucumber plants. Bars represent means and vertical lines represent standard error estimated by 100 000 bootstraps, and p -values were significances of paired bootstrap comparison.