Systematic search and quality assessment
The systematic search resulted in 4017 unique articles. After title and
abstract screening and full-text assessment, 27 studies met the
predefined inclusion criteria (see Appendix Figure S1). Quality
assessment yielded one article11 within an overall
judgment of 8 points (i.e., low risk of bias) and 22
studies7,8,12–31 with 6-7 points (i.e., moderate risk
of bias) (see Appendix Figure S2). Four articles had an overall score of
5 or lower (i.e., high risk of bias) and were excluded from further
analysis32–35. The predominant quality issues within
the included studies were unexplained missing or unreported data, lack
of reproducible method description, or unspecified study population. The
characteristics of the included 23 studies are shown in Table 1.