Systematic search and quality assessment
The systematic search resulted in 4017 unique articles. After title and abstract screening and full-text assessment, 27 studies met the predefined inclusion criteria (see Appendix Figure S1). Quality assessment yielded one article11 within an overall judgment of 8 points (i.e., low risk of bias) and 22 studies7,8,12–31 with 6-7 points (i.e., moderate risk of bias) (see Appendix Figure S2). Four articles had an overall score of 5 or lower (i.e., high risk of bias) and were excluded from further analysis32–35. The predominant quality issues within the included studies were unexplained missing or unreported data, lack of reproducible method description, or unspecified study population. The characteristics of the included 23 studies are shown in Table 1.