Statistical Analysis
The data and statistical analysis comply with the recommendations of the British Journal of Pharmacology on experimental design and analysis in pharmacology (Curtis et al., 2018). All data were obtained from five independent experiments (i.e. not treating technical replicates as independent values) and expressed as means ± S.E.M. WB and PCR data were normalized to the values of the control group (100% or 1, respectively) and expressed as mean ± S.E.M. Statistical analysis was undertaken only for studies where each group size was at least n = 5, where n = number of independent values. Animals were separated into groups randomly, and the groups were randomized into drug-treated or control group before treatments. For blinding, experimentation and analysis involved different persons. The total number of mice used in the present study was 108, all data are expressed as means ± S.E.M. group sizes across all experiments were n = 12. Student’s t test was used to compare the means of two groups, while statistical significance for multiple groups was determined by ANOVA. a P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. (*P < 0.05, **P < 0.01, ***P < 0.001, and ****P < 0.0001). All statistical analyses were carried out with GraphPad Prism 7.0 from GraphPad Software Inc., CA, USA. For statistical analysis, Prism(Version 5.0d, GraphPad Software, San Diego, CA, USA) was used.