Author contribution
A.D., M.S. and J.B. conceptualized and wrote the review. M.A. and F.A.
critically revised the manuscript.
Abbreviations: AAM, alternatively activated macrophage; AD,
atopic dermatitis; AHR, airway hyperreactivity; AE, adverse event; AKT,
protein Kinase B; APC, antigen presenting cell; CCL, chemokine (C-C
motif) ligand; CD, cluster of differentiation or Crohn’s disease; CDC2,
cell division cycle protein 2 homolog; CDK6, cell division protein
kinase 6; CLA, cutaneous lymphocyte antigen; CNTF, ciliary inhibitory
factor; CT-1, cardiotropin-1; CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CXCL,
chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; DC, dendritic cell; DLQI, Dermatology
Life Quality Index; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; EASI, Eczema Area
Severity Index; EGF, endothelial growth factor; ERK, extracellular
signal-regulated kinase; GRO-α, growth-related oncogene-α FDA, Food and
Drug Administration; gp, glycoprotein; GIT, gastrointestinal tract;
HLA-DR, histocompatibility antigen-DR; HDM, house dust mites; IBD,
inflammatory bowel disease; IGA, Investigator’s Global Assessment; IgG,
immunoglobulin G; IL, interleukin; IL31RA, IL-31 receptor- JAK, janus
kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor;
LOCF, Last Observation Carried Forward; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein
kinase; MI, Multiple Imputation; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin;
NA, not available; NFAT1, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; NGF,
nerve growth factor; NP, nasal polyps; NPN, neuropoietin; NRS, Numeric
Rating Scale; OSM, oncostatin M; OSMRβ oncostatin M receptor beta;
PbO, placebo; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ppNRS, peak pruritus
Numerical Rating Scale; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PRR, pattern
recognition receptor; Pt, part; p38, p38 mitogen-activated protein
kinase; SA, Staphylococcus aureus; SEB, staphylococcal
enterotoxins; SMAD2/3, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3;
SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling; STAT, signal transducer and
activator of transcription; TARC, thymus- and activation-regulated
chemokine; TGF-β transforming growth factor betaTH,
T helper cell; TLR, toll like receptor; TNFαtumor necrosis factor
alpha; TRP, transient receptor potential; TRPA1, TRP ankyrin receptor 1;
TRPV1, TRP vanilloid receptor 1; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin;
T1/ST2 receptor, Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1; Tc1, type 1
CD8+ T cells; Tc2, type 2 CD8+ T
cells; UC, ulcerative colitis; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; VEGF, vascular
endothelial growth factor; Δ, change.