Author contribution
A.D., M.S. and J.B. conceptualized and wrote the review. M.A. and F.A. critically revised the manuscript.
Abbreviations: AAM, alternatively activated macrophage; AD, atopic dermatitis; AHR, airway hyperreactivity; AE, adverse event; AKT, protein Kinase B; APC, antigen presenting cell; CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CD, cluster of differentiation or Crohn’s disease; CDC2, cell division cycle protein 2 homolog; CDK6, cell division protein kinase 6; CLA, cutaneous lymphocyte antigen; CNTF, ciliary inhibitory factor; CT-1, cardiotropin-1; CCL, chemokine (C-C motif) ligand; CXCL, chemokine (C-X-C motif) ligand; DC, dendritic cell; DLQI, Dermatology Life Quality Index; DRG, dorsal root ganglion; EASI, Eczema Area Severity Index; EGF, endothelial growth factor; ERK, extracellular signal-regulated kinase; GRO-α, growth-related oncogene-α FDA, Food and Drug Administration; gp, glycoprotein; GIT, gastrointestinal tract; HLA-DR, histocompatibility antigen-DR; HDM, house dust mites; IBD, inflammatory bowel disease; IGA, Investigator’s Global Assessment; IgG, immunoglobulin G; IL, interleukin; IL31RA, IL-31 receptor- JAK, janus kinase; JNK, c-Jun N-terminal kinase; LIF, leukemia inhibitory factor; LOCF, Last Observation Carried Forward; MAPK, Mitogen-activated protein kinase; MI, Multiple Imputation; mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin; NA, not available; NFAT1, nuclear factor of activated T-cells; NGF, nerve growth factor; NP, nasal polyps; NPN, neuropoietin; NRS, Numeric Rating Scale; OSM, oncostatin M; OSMRβ oncostatin M receptor beta; PbO, placebo; PCR, polymerase chain reaction; ppNRS, peak pruritus Numerical Rating Scale; PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase; PRR, pattern recognition receptor; Pt, part; p38, p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase; SA, Staphylococcus aureus; SEB, staphylococcal enterotoxins; SMAD2/3, mothers against decapentaplegic homolog 2/3; SOCS, suppressor of cytokine signaling; STAT, signal transducer and activator of transcription; TARC, thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine; TGF-β transforming growth factor betaTH, T helper cell; TLR, toll like receptor; TNFαtumor necrosis factor alpha; TRP, transient receptor potential; TRPA1, TRP ankyrin receptor 1; TRPV1, TRP vanilloid receptor 1; TSLP, thymic stromal lymphopoietin; T1/ST2 receptor, Interleukin 1 receptor-like 1; Tc1, type 1 CD8+ T cells; Tc2, type 2 CD8+ T cells; UC, ulcerative colitis; VAS, Visual Analog Scale; VEGF, vascular endothelial growth factor; Δ, change.