Figure legends
Fig. 1 : A conceptional image for “direct effects” and
“indirect effects” of leaf‐trichome resistance on gas exchanges. Inb and c , blue and red arrows
represent the direct effects
(i.e., increasing diffusion resistance for CO2 and
H2O fluxes) and the indirect effects (i.e., enhancing
gas diffusion due to increased leaf temperature via increasing
resistance for heat fluxes) of leaf-trichome resistance, respectively.
Wide grey arrows on the y-axis represent the “combined effects” of
leaf-trichomes resistance on the photosynthetic and transpiration rate.
Fig. 2 : Representative diurnal variations in temperature of
leaves either trichome-shaved or non- shaved (intact) along with diurnal
variations in air temperature and relative humidity at four elevational
sites (a , c , e , g ). Difference in
the temperature between intact and trichome‐shaved leaves are shown
where the positive values indicate higher temperature in the intact
leaves (b , d , f , h ). These three
days included typical sunny days and cloudy or rainy days
(8/9/2017–8/11/2017 in the 2400‐m site, 8/10/2017–8/12/2017 in the
1800‐m site, 8/13/2017–8/15/2017 in the 1200‐m site, and
8/14/2017–8/16/2017 in the 700‐m site). The error bars represent
standard error.
Fig. 3 : Relationship between trichome thickness and the
temperature differences between intact and trichome‐shaved leaves at the
1800 m site (air temperature 22.0 ± 1.0 °C). Positive values represent
that leaf temperature was higher in leaves with leaf trichomes than in
their compared leaves without leaf trichomes. The points and error bars
represent mean values and standard errors for three days.
Fig. 4 : Environmental variables, simulated leaf temperature,
and gas-exchange characteristics at five elevational sites. Field
measured air temperature, relative humidity, and PPFD (photosynthetic
photon flux density) for the simulation analyses (a ,b ), calculated diurnal variations in leaf temperature,
difference in temperature between leaf and air, the photosynthetic rate,
and the transpiration rate of leaves with the mean traits values for
each site (c , d , e, f) , and the effects of
leaf‐trichome resistance on leaf temperature, the photosynthetic rate,
the transpiration rate which were calculated as differences between
leaves with and without leaf‐trichome resistance (g , h,
i ). Positive values mean that leaves with trichomes have higher values
than those without trichomes.
Fig. 5 : The calculated values of the H2O-flux
resistances (a ), the heat-flux resistances (b ), the
daily photosynthetic rate (d ), the daily transpiration rate
(e ), and the daily water-use efficiency (f ), and the
effects of leaf‐trichome resistance on each physiological characteristic
(c, g ) in the simulation analyses. In c andg , positive values represent that values are greater in leaves
with trichomes than those without trichomes (see Eq. 1).
Fig. 6 : Changes in effects of leaf‐trichome resistance on the
resistance on the H2O-flux resistances (a ), the
heat-flux resistances (b ), mean and maximum leaf temperature at
daytime (c , d ), the daily photosynthetic rate
(e ), the daily transpiration rate (f ), and the daily
WUE (g ) at each elevational site with varying trichome
thickness in the simulation analyses. Positive values represent that
values are greater in leaves with trichomes than those without trichomes
(see Eq. 1). Circle cross points represent the values when the average
trichome thickness for each elevational site was used. The error bar
represents the standard deviation of trichome thickness for each
elevational site (Table 3).
Fig. 7 : Simulated photosynthetic rates (A ) as a function
of trichome thickness and characteristic leaf dimension (an indicator of
leaf width) for conditions of stomatal coefficient (a ) = 2.5 and
relative humidity (h ) = 0.8 in the sensitivity analyses.a : a heatmap of A calculated for air temperature
(Ta ) = 20°C and PPFD (Q ) = 2400 µmol
m-2 s-1, and plotted against
trichome thickness (x -axis; 0.00-1.00 mm) and characteristic leaf
dimension (y -axis; 1.0-5.0 cm). b : a heatmap represents
to what extent the leaf-trichome resistance enhances (orange) or
suppresses (navy) A in the same condition as a .c : heatmaps of A calculated for variousTa and PPFD and each heatmap in c is
drawn for the same axis as in a . d : heatmaps of the
effects of leaf-trichome resistance on A calculated for variousTa and Q and each heatmap in d is
drawn for the same axis as in b . In c and d ,
boxed sections represent a and b , respectively, and
two-way arrows represent temperature ranges at each site.
Fig. 8: Simulated
photosynthetic rates (A ), transpiration rates (E ), and
water-use efficiency (WUE) with relative humidity (h ) = 0.8 as a
function of leaf traits (trichome thickness, characteristic leaf
dimension, stomatal coefficient) and environmental conditions (air
temperature, light intensity) in the sensitivity analyses. Similar to
Figure 7, each heatmap on the left side represents A , E ,
and WUE in relation to various trichome thickness (x-axis) and
characteristic leaf dimension (y-axis), and each heatmap on the right
side represents to what extent the leaf-trichome resistance enhances
(orange) or suppresses (navy) A , E , and WUE in the same
set of x- and y-axis. These simulations are done for different stomatal
coefficient (a ). The
simulation for different relative humidity (h ) was shown in
Figure S9 (h = 0.2) and S10 (a = 0.5).