References
1. Canaris GJ, Manowitz NR, Mayor G, Ridgway EC. The Colorado thyroid
disease prevalence study. Arch Intern Med. 2000;160(4):526-534.
2. Asvold BO, Vatten LJ, Bjoro T. Changes in the prevalence of
hypothyroidism: the HUNT Study in Norway. Eur J Endocrinol.2013;169(5):613-620.
3. Garmendia Madariaga A, Santos Palacios S, Guillen-Grima F, Galofre
JC. The incidence and prevalence of thyroid dysfunction in Europe: a
meta-analysis. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2014;99(3):923-931.
4. Rizos CV, Elisaf MS, Liberopoulos EN. Effects of thyroid dysfunction
on lipid profile. Open Cardiovasc Med J. 2011;5:76-84.
5. Ferrandino G, Kaspari RR, Spadaro O, et al. Pathogenesis of
hypothyroidism-induced NAFLD is driven by intra- and extrahepatic
mechanisms. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A. 2017;114(43):E9172-E9180.
6. Ludwig U, Holzner D, Denzer C, et al. Subclinical and clinical
hypothyroidism and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: a cross-sectional
study of a random population sample aged 18 to 65 years. BMC
Endocr Disord. 2015;15:41.
7. Rodriguez-Gutierrez R, Gonzalez-Velazquez C, Gonzalez-Saldivar G,
Villarreal-Perez JZ, Gonzalez-Gonzalez JG. Glucocorticoid functional
reserve in full-spectrum intensity of primary hypothyroidism. Int
J Endocrinol. 2014;2014:313519.
8. Ning Y, Cheng YJ, Liu LJ, et al. What is the association of
hypothyroidism with risks of cardiovascular events and mortality? A
meta-analysis of 55 cohort studies involving 1,898,314 participants.BMC Med. 2017;15(1):21.
9. Grais IM. Bedside skills: a 50-year personal retrospective. Tex
Heart Inst J. 2010;37(6):629-632.
10. Biondi B, Cappola AR, Cooper DS. Subclinical Hypothyroidism: A
Review. JAMA. 2019;322(2):153-160.
11. Razvi S, Weaver JU, Vanderpump MP, Pearce SH. The incidence of
ischemic heart disease and mortality in people with subclinical
hypothyroidism: reanalysis of the Whickham Survey cohort. J Clin
Endocrinol Metab. 2010;95(4):1734-1740.
12. Tseng FY, Lin WY, Lin CC, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism is
associated with increased risk for all-cause and cardiovascular
mortality in adults. J Am Coll Cardiol. 2012;60(8):730-737.
13. LeGrys VA, Funk MJ, Lorenz CE, et al. Subclinical hypothyroidism and
risk for incident myocardial infarction among postmenopausal women.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(6):2308-2317.
14. Rhee CM, Curhan GC, Alexander EK, Bhan I, Brunelli SM. Subclinical
hypothyroidism and survival: the effects of heart failure and race.J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2013;98(6):2326-2336.
15. Nagasaki T, Inaba M, Kumeda Y, et al. Increased pulse wave velocity
in subclinical hypothyroidism. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2006;91(1):154-158.
16. Kilic ID, Tanriverdi H, Fenkci S, Akin F, Uslu S, Kaftan A.
Noninvasive indicators of atherosclerosis in subclinical hypothyroidism.Indian J Endocrinol Metab. 2013;17(2):271-275.
17. Lorenz MW, Markus HS, Bots ML, Rosvall M, Sitzer M. Prediction of
clinical cardiovascular events with carotid intima-media thickness: a
systematic review and meta-analysis. Circulation.2007;115(4):459-467.
18. Polak JF, O’Leary DH. Carotid Intima-Media Thickness as Surrogate
for and Predictor of CVD. Glob Heart. 2016;11(3):295-312 e293.
19. Rosvall M, Janzon L, Berglund G, Engstrom G, Hedblad B. Incident
coronary events and case fatality in relation to common carotid
intima-media thickness. J Intern Med. 2005;257(5):430-437.
20. O’Leary DH, Polak JF, Kronmal RA, Manolio TA, Burke GL, Wolfson SK,
Jr. Carotid-artery intima and media thickness as a risk factor for
myocardial infarction and stroke in older adults. Cardiovascular Health
Study Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med.1999;340(1):14-22.
21. van den Oord SC, Sijbrands EJ, ten Kate GL, et al. Carotid
intima-media thickness for cardiovascular risk assessment: systematic
review and meta-analysis. Atherosclerosis. 2013;228(1):1-11.
22. Walsh JP, Bremner AP, Bulsara MK, et al. Subclinical thyroid
dysfunction as a risk factor for cardiovascular disease. Arch
Intern Med. 2005;165(21):2467-2472.
23. Lim HJ, Ahn SH, Hong S, Suh YJ. The Relationship between Subclinical
Thyroid Disease and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Score in Koreans.J Korean Med Sci. 2017;32(10):1626-1632.
24. Unal E, Akin A, Yildirim R, Demir V, Yildiz I, Haspolat YK.
Association of Subclinical Hypothyroidism with Dyslipidemia and
Increased Carotid Intima-Media Thickness in Children. J Clin Res
Pediatr Endocrinol. 2017;9(2):144-149.
25. Selmer C, Olesen JB, Hansen ML, et al. Subclinical and overt thyroid
dysfunction and risk of all-cause mortality and cardiovascular events: a
large population study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2014;99(7):2372-2382.
26. Razvi S, Weaver JU, Butler TJ, Pearce SH. Levothyroxine treatment of
subclinical hypothyroidism, fatal and nonfatal cardiovascular events,
and mortality. Arch Intern Med. 2012;172(10):811-817.
27. Razvi S, Ingoe L, Keeka G, Oates C, McMillan C, Weaver JU. The
beneficial effect of L-thyroxine on cardiovascular risk factors,
endothelial function, and quality of life in subclinical hypothyroidism:
randomized, crossover trial. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2007;92(5):1715-1723.
28. Monzani F, Di Bello V, Caraccio N, et al. Effect of levothyroxine on
cardiac function and structure in subclinical hypothyroidism: a double
blind, placebo-controlled study. J Clin Endocrinol Metab.2001;86(3):1110-1115.
29. Wells BJ, Hueston WJ. Are thyroid peroxidase antibodies associated
with cardiovascular disease risk in patients with subclinical
hypothyroidism? Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2005;62(5):580-584.
30. Nakova VV, Krstevska B, Kostovska ES, Vaskova O, Ismail LG. The
effect of levothyroxine treatment on left ventricular function in
subclinical hypothyroidism. Arch Endocrinol Metab.2018;62(4):392-398.
31. Williams B, Mancia G, Spiering W, et al. 2018 ESC/ESH Guidelines for
the management of arterial hypertension. Eur Heart J.2018;39(33):3021-3104.
32. Piepoli MF, Hoes AW, Agewall S, et al. 2016 European Guidelines on
cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice: The Sixth Joint
Task Force of the European Society of Cardiology and Other Societies on
Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Clinical Practice (constituted by
representatives of 10 societies and by invited experts)Developed with
the special contribution of the European Association for Cardiovascular
Prevention & Rehabilitation (EACPR). Eur Heart J.2016;37(29):2315-2381.
33. Nagasaki T, Inaba M, Henmi Y, et al. Decrease in carotid
intima-media thickness in hypothyroid patients after normalization of
thyroid function. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf). 2003;59(5):607-612.
34. Koc AS, Sumbul HE. Age should be considered in cut-off values for
increased carotid intima-media thickness. Turk Kardiyol Dern Ars.2019;47(4):301-311.
35. Santos-Neto PJ, Sena-Santos EH, Meireles DP, Santos IS, Bensenor IM,
Lotufo PA. Reproducibility of carotid ultrasound measurements in the
Brazilian Longitudinal Study of Adult Health (ELSA-Brasil) at baseline.Braz J Med Biol Res. 2019;52(8):e8711.