Measurement of anthropometric parameters and blood pressure
All the anthropometric measurements were taken while the participants are wearing only light clothes. Height measured without shoes to the nearest 0.1 cm. Weight, BMI, and body composition were examined using bio-impedance analysis (InBody770, Biospance Co., Ltd. Seoul, Korea). Waist Circumference (WC) at the umbilicus in a standing position was measured directly on the skin to the nearest 0.1 cm with a flexible tape, without any pressure to the body surface. Waist-to-hip ratio (WHR) calculated by dividing WC by the hip circumference. Waist-to-height ratio (WHtR) calculated as the WC (cm) divided by the height (cm). Neck circumference (NC) was measured using a flexible tape at the lower margin of the thyroid cartilage with head erect and eyes facing forward. A body shape index (ABSI) and body roundness index (BRI) was calculated using the following formulas (16, 17):
ABSI =\(\frac{\text{WC}}{(\text{BMI}^{\frac{2}{3}}\ \times\ {h\text{eig}ht}^{\frac{1}{2}})}\)
BRI = 364.2 365.5\(\times\ \sqrt{1\ -\ \frac{{(\frac{\text{WC}}{2\ \pi})}^{2}}{{(0.5\ \times h\text{eig}ht}^{)2}}}\)
After 15 minutes rest, blood pressure was measured and recorded twice using a standard sphygmomanometer.