Conclusions
Most AF patients had only minimum to mild LVAs using the HDG regardless of an enlarged LAD and LA volume. However, the minimum to mild LVAs were significantly greater in the patients with recurrent AF/AT than in those without. The HDG might drastically exclude false LVAs, which would help detect the AF substrate more accurately. Furthermore, high-DFs sites overlapping with LVAs detected by the HDG might be more selective targets after the PVI in non-paroxysmal AF patients.