Frequencies and rotor mapping after a PVI
Atrial sites that represent local electrograms with high-DFs may be associated with AF maintenance.10,13,18 In addition, Sakata et al.16 demonstrated that real AF drivers are contained in the non-passively activated areas where rotors and/or multiple wavelets are most frequently observed during a short recording time (5-s) with high reproducibility of the %NP. The distribution of the high-DF sites in the LA was similar to that of the %NP≧50% after the PVI in this study. In the previous report, the highest DF and rotor positions were robust markers of the driver location during AF using a computational study.24 However, in this study there were no significant differences in the DF, %NP value, and combination of the DF and %NP between the patients with and without recurrent AF/AT. An index such as the DF or %NP may not always reflect the critical AF drivers. Furthermore, a combination of the DF and LVA may be needed for the detection of the critical targets for an atrial substrate modification.