Sampling and specimens
We analysed a total of 127 Milnesium populations, including 83 newly sequenced. They originate from five continents and nine zoogeographic realms (according to Holt et al., 2013); from the most sampled: Afrotropical, Palaearctic, Oriental, Neotropical, Australian, Madagascan, Panamanian, Nearctic and Oceanian realm (approximate localities are depicted in Fig. 1, for detailed information see Table S1).