Study Protocol
Clinical and demographic characteristics of the participants in both
groups such as education, age, family history of prostate cancer,
marital status, surgeries, systemic diseases, smoking, alcohol use, and
vitamin D use were recorded by face-to-face interviews. Serum
prostate-specific antigen (PSA) levels of all cases in diagnosis and
disease stages were recorded by reviewing their medical records because
the diagnosis date of the cases, the time of cytological evidence, was
accepted as the reference. Controls were matched in the reference month
in the same month. The measured PSA results were collected by reviewing
medical records of the controls.