Study population
We retrospectively reviewed 921 patients included on the active HD list at a single large academic center. Of these patients, we identified 22 patients with a CIED, and specific HD schedule for each patient was recorded. Patients were aged 25 to 82 years, and included both men and women. We also systematically selected 22 age- and sex-matched patients with a CIED not on HD to serve as controls. Patients on peritoneal dialysis (PD) were excluded. For all patients, we recorded demographic, comorbidity, medication, laboratory, and echocardiographic data by retrospective chart review. For HD patients, we also documented ESRD etiology and HD start date. This study was approved by the Institutional Committee on Human Research at the University of Virginia Health System.