References
Aitken, S.N., & Bemmels, J.B. (2015). Time to get moving: Assisted gene
flow of forest trees. Evolutionary Applications, 9 (1), 271-290.
Alberto, F.J., Aitken, S.N., Alía, R., González-Martínez, S.C.,
Hänninen, H., Kremer, A., … Savolainen, O. (2013). Potential for
evolutionary responses to climate change - evidence from tree
populations. Global Change Biology , 19 (6), 1645–1661.
Andrews, L.V. (2018). akutils RADseq utility: Simplified processing of
RADseq data through Stacks.Zenodo . doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1205089
Ault, T.R., Cole, J.E., Overpeck, J.T., Pederson, G.T., & Meko,
D.M. (2014). Assessing the risk of persistent drought using climate
model simulations and paleoclimate data. Journal of
Climate , 27 , 7529– 7549.
Bailey, J.K., Wooley, S.C., Lindroth, R.L., & Whitham, T.G. (2006).
Importance of species interactions to community heritability: A genetic
basis to trophic-level interactions. Ecology Letters, 9 ,
78–85.
Bates, D., Maechler, M., Bolker, B., & Walker, S. (2015). Fitting
linear mixed-effects models using lme4. Journal of Statistical
Software, 67 , 1-48.
Blasini, D., Koepke, D., Grady, K., Allan, G., Gehring, C., Cushman,
S.A., … Hultine, K. (2020). Adaptive trait syndromes along
multiple economic spectra define cold and warm adapted ecotypes in a
widely distributed foundation tree species. Journal of Ecology.
2020-0859.R1
Bolnick, D.I., Amarasekare, P., Araújo, M.S., Bürger, R., Levine, J.M.,
Novak, M., … Vasseur, D.A. (2011). Why intraspecific trait
variation matters in community ecology. Trends in Ecology and
Evolution , 26, 183-192.
Cook, B.I., Ault, T.R., & Smerdon, J.E. (2015). Unprecedented 21st
century drought risk in the American Southwest and Central Plains.Science Advances 1: e1400082.
Cooper, H.F., Grady, K.C., Cowan, J.A., Best, R.J., Allan, G.J., &
Whitham, T.G. (2019). Genotypic variation in phenological plasticity:
Reciprocal common gardens reveal adaptive responses to warmer springs
but not to fall frost. Global Change Biology , 25, 187-200.
Cushman, S.A., Max, T., Meneses, N., Evans, L.M., Ferrier, S., Honchak,
B., … Allan, G.J. (2014). Landscape genetic connectivity in a
riparian foundation tree is jointly driven by climatic gradients and
river networks. Ecological Applications, 24 , 1000–1014.
Des Roches, S., Post, D.M., Turley, N.E., Bailey, J.K., Hendry, A.P.,
Kinnison, M.T., … Palkovacs, E.P. (2017). The ecological
importance of intraspecific variation. Nature Ecology &
Evolution , 2, 57-64.
Edelaar, P., & Bjorklund, M. (2011). If FST does not
measure neutral genetic differentiation, then comparing it with
QST is misleading. Or is it? Molecular Ecology ,20, 1805–1812.
Evans, L.M., Kaluthota, S., Pearce, D.W., Allan, G.J., Floate, K., Rood,
S.B., & Whitham, T.G. (2016). Bud phenology and growth are subject to
divergent selection across a latitudinal gradient in Populus
angustifolia and impact adaptation across the distributional range and
associated arthropods. Ecology and Evolution, 6, 4565–4581.
Fischer, D.G., Wimp, G.M., Hersch-Green, E., Bangert, R.K., Leroy, C.J.,
Bailey, J.K., … Whitham, T.G. (2017). Tree genetics strongly
affect forest productivity, but intraspecific diversity-productivity
relationships do not. Functional Ecology , 31 , 520–529.
Franks, S.J., Weber, J.J., & Aitken, S.N. (2014). Evolutionary and
plastic responses to climate change in terrestrial plant populations.Evolutionary Applications , 7, 123–139.
Frewen, B.E., Chen, T.H.H., Howe, G.T., Davis, J., Rohde, A., Boerjan,
W., & Bradshaw, H.D. (2000). Quantitative trait loci and candidate gene
mapping of bud set and bud flush in Populus . Genetics,154 , 837–845.
Ganguly, A.R., Steinhaeuser, K., Erickson, D.J., Branstetter, M.,
Parish, E.S., Singh, N., … Buja, L. (2009). Higher trends but
larger uncertainty and geographic variability in 21st century
temperature and heat waves. Proceedings of the National Academy of
Sciences of the United States of America , 106 , 15555–15559.
Garfin, G., Jardine, A., Merideth, R., Black, M., & LeRoy, S. (2013).Assessment of Climate Change in the Southwest United States: A
Report Prepared for the National Climatic Assessment . A report by the
Southwest Climate Alliance. Washington, DC: Island Press.
Goudet, J., & Büchi, L. (2006). The effects of dominance, regular
inbreeding and sampling design on QST, and estimator of
population differentiation for quantitative traits. Genetics ,172, 1337–1347.
Grady, K.C., Ferrier, S.M., Kolb, T.E., Hart, S.C., Allan, G.J., &
Whitham, T.G. (2011). Genetic variation in productivity of foundation
riparian species at the edge of their distribution: Implications for
restoration and assisted migration in a warming climate. Global
Change Biology , 17 , 3724–3735.
Grady, K.C., Laughlin, D.C., Ferrier, S.M., Kolb, T.E., Hart, S.C.,
Allan, G.J., & Whitham, T.G. (2013). Conservative leaf economic traits
correlate with fast growth of genotypes of a foundation riparian species
near the thermal maximum extent of its geographic range.Functional Ecology , 27, 428–438.
Grady, K.C., Kolb, T.E., Ikeda, D.H., & Whitham, T.G. (2015). A bridge
too far: Cold and pathogen constraints to assisted migration of riparian
forests. Restoration Ecology , 23 , 811–820.
Hall, D., Luquez, V., Garcia, V.M., St Onge, K.R., Jansson, S., &
Ingvarsson, P.K. (2007). Adaptive population differentiation in
phenology across a latitudinal gradient in European aspen (Populus
tremula , L.): A comparison of neutral markers, candidate genes and
phenotypic traits. Evolution , 61 , 2849–2860.
Hangartner, S., Laurila, A., & Räsänen, K. (2012). Adaptive divergence
in moor frog (Rana arvalis ) populations along an acidification
gradient: Inferences from QST-FSTcorrelations. Evolution, 66, 867–881.
Hereford, J. (2009). A quantitative survey of local adaptation and
fitness trade-offs. The American Naturalist , 173 ,
579–588.
Holsinger, K.E., & Weir, B.S. (2009). Genetics in geographically
structured populations: Defining, estimating and interpreting
FST. Nature Reviews Genetics, 10 , 639–650.
Howe, G.T., Saruul, P., Davis, J., & Chen, T.H.H. (2000). Quantitative
genetics of bud phenology, frost damage, and winter survival in an F2
family of hybrid poplars. Theoretical and Applied Genetics ,101, 632–642.
Howe, G.T., Aitken, S.N., Neale, D.B., Jermstad, K.D., Wheeler, N.C., &
Chen, T.H.H. (2003). From genotype to phenotype: Unraveling the
complexities of cold adaptation in forest trees. Canadian Journal
of Botany , 1266, 1247–1266.
Hultine, K.R., Allan, G.J., Blasini, D., Bothwell, H.M., Cadmus, A.,
Cooper, H.F., … Whitham, T.G. (2020a). Adaptive capacity in the
foundation tree species Populus fremontii : Implications for
resilience to climate change and non-native species invasion in the
American Southwest. Conservation Physiology, 8 (1),
doi.org/10.1093/conphys/coaa061
Hultine, K.R., Froend, R., Blasini, D., Bush, S.E., Karlinski, M.,
Koepke, D.F. (2020b). Hydraulic traits that buffer deep-rooted plants
from changes in hydrology and climate. Hydrological Processes ,34 , 209-222.
Hurme, P. (1999). Genetic Basis of Adaptation: Bud Set Date and
Frost Hardiness Variation in Scots Pine , University of Oulu Press 19.
Ikeda, D.H., Max, T.L., Allan, G.J., Lau, M.K., Shuster, S.M., &
Whitham, T.G. (2017). Genetically informed ecological niche models
improve climate change predictions. Global Change Biology,23 , 164–176.
Jentsch, A., Kreyling, J., & Beierkuhnlein, C. (2007). A new generation
of climate change experiments: Events, not trends. Frontiers in
Ecology and the Environment , 5 , 365–374.
Josephs, E.B. (2018). Determining the evolutionary forces shaping G x E.New Phytologist, 219, 31-36.
Keenan, K., McGinnity, P., Cross, T.F., Crozier, W.W., & Prodöhl, P.A.
(2013). diveRsity: An R package for the estimation of population
genetics parameters and their associated errors. Methods in
Ecology and Evolution ,
doi:10.1111/2041-210X.12067
Kudo, G., & Ida, T.Y. (2013). Early onset of spring increases the
phenological mismatch between plants and pollinators. Ecology ,94, 2311–2320.
Kuznetsova, A., Brockhoff, P.B., & Christensen, R.H.B.
(2015). lmerTest:
tests in linear mixed effects models. R package version 2.0-20.
https://cran. rproject. org/web/packages/lmerTest.
Lamit, L.J., Busby, P.E., Lau, M.K., Compson, Z.G., Wojtowicz, T.,
Keith, A.R., … Whitham, T.G. (2015). Tree genotype mediates
covariance among diverse communities from microbes to arthropods.Journal of Ecology , 103 , 840–850.
Lande, R. (1977). Statistical tests for natural selection on
quantitative characters. Evolution, 31, 442-444.
Lande, R. (1992). Neutral theory of quantitative genetic variance in an
island model with local extinction and colonization. Evolution,46 , 381-389.
Leimu, R., & Fischer, M. (2008). A meta-analysis of local adaptation in
plants. PloS one , 3 , e4010.
Leinonen, T., O’Hara, R.B., Cano, J.M., & Merilä, J. (2008).
Comparative studies of quantitative trait and neutral marker divergence:
A meta-analysis. Journal of Evolutionary Biology , 21,1–17.
Leinonen, T., McCairns, R.J.S., O’Hara, R.B., & Merilä, J. (2013).
QST-FST comparisons: Evolutionary and
ecological insights from genomic heterogeneity. Nature Reviews
Genetics , 14 , 179–90.
Lynch, M., & Hill, W.G. (1986). Phenotypic evolution by neutral
mutation. Evolution, 40, 915-935.
Mastretta-Yanes, A., Arrigo, N., Alvarez, N., Jorgensen, T.H., Piñero,
D., Emerson, B.C. (2015). Restriction site-associated DNA sequencing,
genotyping error estimation and de novo assembly optimization for
population genetic inference. Molecular Ecology Resources ,15, 28–41.
McKay, J.K., & Latta, R.G. (2002). Adaptive population divergence:
Markers, QTL and traits. Trends in Ecology and Evolution ,17, 285–291.
McKown, A.D., Guy, R.D., Klápšte, J., Geraldes, A., Friedmann, M.,
Cronk, Q.B.C., … Douglas, C.J. (2014). Geographical and
environmental gradients shape phenotypic trait variation and genetic
structure in Populus trichocarpa . New Phytologist,201, 1263–1276.
Nicotra, A.B., Atkin, O.K., Bonser, S.P., Davidson, A.M., Finnegan, E.,
Mathesius, U., …van Kluenen, M. (2010). Plant phenotypic
plasticity in a changing climate. Trends in Plant Science15, 684–692.
O’Hara, R.B., & Merilä, J. (2005). Bias and precision in
QST estimates: Problems and some solutions.Genetics , 171 , 1331–1339.
Oke, K.B., Bukhari, M., Kaeuffer, R., Rolshausen, G., Bolnick, D.I.,
… Hendry, A.P. (2015). Does plasticity enhance or dampen
phenotypic parallelism? A test with three lake-stream stickleback pairs.Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 29, 126-143.
Oksanen, J., Blanchet, F.G., Kindt, R., Legendre, P., Minchin, P.R.,
O’Hara, R.B., … Wagner, H. (2016). vegan: Community Ecology
Package. R package version 2.3-3.
http://CRAN.R-project.org/package=vegan
O’Neill, G.A., Hamann, A., & Wang, T. (2008). Accounting for population
variation improves estimates of the impact of climate change on species’
growth and distribution. Journal of Applied Ecology , 45 ,
1040–1049.
O’Neill, G.A., Wang, T., Ukrainetz, N., Charleson, L., McAuley, L.,
Yanchuk, A., & Zedel, S. (2017). A Proposed Climate-Based Seed
Transfer System for British Columbia . Prov. B.C., Victoria, B.C.
Parmesan, C. (2006). Ecological and evolutionary responses to recent
climate change. Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and
Syst ematics , 37 , 637– 669.
Perez-Harguindegay, N., Díaz, S.A., Garnier, E.B., Lavorel, S.C.,
Poorter, H.D., Jaureguiberry P, … Cornelissen, J.H.C. (2013). New
handbook for standardised measurement of plant functional traits
worldwide. Australian Journal of Botany , 61, 167-234.
R Core Team (2014). R: A language and environment for statistical
computing. http://www.R–project.org/
Renner, S.S., & Zohner, C.M. (2018). Climate change and phenological
mismatch in trophic interactions among plants, insects, and vertebrates.Annual Review of Ecology Evolution and Systematics , 49 ,
165–182.
Saint-Laurent, R., Legault, M., & Bernatchez, L. (2003). Divergent
selection maintains adaptive differentiation despite high gene flow
between sympatric rainbow smelt ecotypes (Osmerus mordaxMitchill). Molecular Ecology, 12, 315–330.
Savolainen, O., Pyhäjärvi, T., & Knürr, T. (2007). Gene Flow and Local
Adaptation in Trees. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and
Systematics , 38, 595–619.
Shaw, R.G., & Etterson, J.R. (2012). Rapid climate change and the rate
of adaptation: insight from experimental quantitative genetics.New Phytologist , 195, 752–765.
Schluter, D. (2000). The Ecology of Adaptive Radiation . Oxford
University Press, Oxford.
Schneider, C.A., Rasband, W.S., & Eliceiri, K.W. (2012).
NIH
Image to ImageJ: 25 years of image analysis, Nature
Methods, 9 , 671-675.
Smith, D.S., Bailey, J.K., Shuster, S.M., & Whitham, T.G. (2011). A
geographic mosaic of trophic interactions and selection: trees, aphids
and birds. Journal of Evolutionary Biology, 24 , 422–429.
Spitze, K. (1993). Population Structure in Daphnia obtusa :
Quantitative genetic and allozymic variation. Genetics, 135,367–374.
Thackeray, S.J., Sparks, T.H., Frederiksen, M., Burthe, S., Bacon, P.J.,
Bell, J.R., … Wanless, S. (2010). Trophic level asynchrony in
rates of phenological change for marine, freshwater and terrestrial
environments. Global Change Biology , 16, 3304–3313.
Thompson, J. N. (2005). The geographic mosaic theory of
coevolution . Chicago, IL: University of Chicago Press.
van Asch, M., Salis, L., Holleman, L.J.M., van Lith, B., & Visser, M.E.
(2013). Evolutionary response of the egg hatching date of a herbivorous
insect under climate change. Nature Climate Change, 3 , 244–248.
Visser, M.E., Holleman, L.J.M., & Gienapp, P. (2006). Shifts in
caterpillar biomass phenology due to climate change and its impact on
the breeding biology of an insectivorous bird. Oecologia ,147, 164–172.
Wang, T., O’Neill, G.A., & Aitken, S.N. (2010). Integrating
environmental and genetic effects to predict responses of tree
populations to climate. Ecological Applications , 20,153–163.
Wang, T., Hamann, A., Spittlehouse, D.L., & Murdock, T.Q. (2012).
ClimateWNA — High-Resolution Spatial Climate Data for Western North
America. Journal of Applied Meteorology and Climatology ,51, 16–29.
Whitham, T.G., Bailey, J.K., Schweitzer, J.A., Shuster, S.M., Bangert,
R.K., LeRoy, C.J., … Wooley, S.C. (2006). A framework for
community and ecosystem genetics: From genes to ecosystems. Nature
Review Genetics , 7, 510–523.
Whitham, T.G., Allan, G.J., Cooper, H.F., & Shuster, S.M. (2020).
Intraspecific genetic variation and species interactions contribute to
community evolution. Annual Review of Ecology, Evolution, and
Systematics , 51 , 587-612.
Whitlock, M.C. (2008). Evolutionary inference from QST.Molecular Ecology , 17, 1885–1896.
Williams, A.P., Cook, E.R., Smerdon, J.E., Cook, B.I., Abatzoglou, J.T.,
Bolles, K., … Livneh, B. (2020). Large contribution from
anthropogenic warming to an emerging North American megadrought.Science, 368 , 314-318.
Wooley, S.C., Smith, D.S., Lonsdorf, E.V., Brown, S.C., Whitham, T.G.,
Shuster, S.M., & Lindroth, R.L. (2020). Local adaptation and rapid
evolution in of aphids in response to genetic interactions with their
cottonwood hosts. Ecology & Evolution, 10, 10532-10542.
Wright, S. (1931). Evolution in Mendelian populations. Genetics,
16, 97–159.
Wright, S. (1951). The genetic structure of populations. Annals of
Eugenics, 15 (1),
323–354.