Costs
The mean direct and indirect cost per participant in the app-based treatment group was \euro1,520 (95% CI: 1,512–1,532), including indirect cost per participant in the care-as-usual group was 192–195) for UI-specific costs (Supplemental table S5). For both the app-based treatment and care-as-usual groups, incontinence material drove much of the UI-specific costs (\euro62 and \euro80, respectively). Compared with app-based treatment, care-as-usual was associated with higher costs for physical therapy, medication, and other treatments for UI, equating to mean differences of \euro82, \euro9, and \euro8 per patient per year, respectively. The cost of app-usage was \euro1.10 per patient per year based on the scenario of 30,000 users.