Main Findings
App-based treatment for female stress, urgency, and mixed UI appears to be a cost-effective alternative to care-as-usual in general practice. After 12 months, both treatments produced clinically relevant changes in the main outcome measures that were larger than after 4 months. Indeed, UI symptoms and quality of life measures continued to improve. However, there was no significant difference in change between the two study groups. App-based treatment was less expensive than care-as-usual, with mean differences of \euro161 and \euro87 per patient per year in total and UI-specific costs, respectively. The gained effects and utilities were comparable between groups after 1 year, with only small mean differences in the IIALY (0.043) and the QALY(-0.025). This resulted in an ICER of -\euro3,696 and an ICUR of \euro6,379. These results were robust and remained valid in a scenario that included higher app development costs.