Introduction
In line with global trends, atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease
(ASCVD) is the leading cause of death in Latin America (LA) (1). The
evidence derived from different lines of research is concordant,
consistent, and irrefutable regarding the direct relationship between
low density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels, apolipoprotein B
(ApoB) levels, and ASCVD (2). Risk factors associated with the disease
are highly prevalent in the Region, however, the pattern and level of
these risk factors varies by country and within countries. Primary and
secondary prevention for ASCVD have been demonstrated to be effective in
decreasing mortality. Regardless of prevention being vastly encouraged
at all levels of care, lack of capacity to identify the right patient,
lack of knowledge of pharmacotherapy indications and misunderstanding of
basic concepts are hindering the possibility to impact ASCVD outcomes in
the region (3).
LDL-C is the essential, causal agent for the atherosclerosis genesis and
progression. ASCVD risk factors, such as high blood pressure, smoking,
and diabetes favor and enhance the atherosclerosis process initiated by
endothelial dysfunction and the deposition of ApoB (Figure 1). This
article will assess the reality in LA regarding atherosclerosis,
highlight and summarize new evidence available to prevent and treat
ASCVD in the region (4).
Figure 1. Total Cholesterol Distribution and Lipoprotein Biology