Values are expressed in n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median
(interquartile range)
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin type II receptor
blocker; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD,
chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure;
DHP, dihydropyridine; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; MI, myocardial
infarction; PAOD, peripheral artery occlusive disease; SBP, systolic
blood pressure; SMD, Standardized mean difference; TIA, transient
ischemic attack.
*CHA2DS2-VASc scores range from 0 to 9,
with higher scores indicating a greater risk of stroke. Previous stroke
or transient ischemic attack and an age of 75 years or older are each
assigned 2 points, and congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes,
an age of 65–74 years, female sex, and history of vascular disease are
each assigned 1 point toward the total score.
† Heavy alcohol consumption: male >8 glass/week (or
>3 glass/day), female >4 glass/week (or
>2 glass/day), Moderate alcohol consumption: male ≤8
glass/week (or ≤3 glass/day), female ≤4 glass/week (or ≤2 glass/day)
‡ high physical activity: ≥75 min/week of vigorous activity, ≥150
min/week of moderate activity or a combination of the two, moderate
physical activity: 1–74 min/week vigorous activity, 1–149 min/week
moderate activity or a combination of the two