No-AF (n=289,432) AF (n=12,797)
SMD
No-AF (n=11,759) AF (n=11,759)
SMD
Age (years) 71.1 ± 5.6 72.0 ± 5.7 0.16 72.0 ± 5.9 72.0 ± 5.8 0.003
Female gender 124931 (43.2) 6630 (51.8) 0.174 6014 (51.1) 5940 (50.5) 0.013
BMI (kg/m2) 23.8 ± 3.2 23.9 ± 3.4 0.05 24.0 ± 3.3 24.0 ± 3.4 0.005
SBP (mmHg) 132.4 ±17.9 133.9 ±18.8 0.083 134.1 ±18.2 133.9 ±18.7 0.01
DBP (mmHg) 79.5 ±10.8 80.2 ±11.3 0.069 80.2 ±11.0 80.2 ±11.3 0.006
Blood glucose (mg/dL) 103.3 ±31.7 105.2 ±35.8 0.055 104.8 ±33.3 105.3 ±35.8 0.013
Total cholesterol (mg/dL) 198.7 ±39.3 194.0 ±39.2 0.121 194.0 ±38.6 194.4 ±39.3 0.008
Serum creatinine (mg/dL) 1.0 ± 1.0 1.1 ± 1.2 0.107 1.0 ± 1.0 1.1 ± 1.2 0.081
Hypertension 139939 (48.3) 7507 (58.7) 0.208 6909 (58.8) 6898 (58.7) 0.002
Diabetes mellitus 46104 (15.9) 2348 (18.3) 0.064 2125 (18.1) 2170 (18.5) 0.01
Dyslipidemia 104746 (36.2) 5092 (39.8) 0.074 4797 (40.8) 4699 (40.0) 0.017
Heart failure 23567 ( 8.1) 2091 (16.3) 0.252 1899 (16.1) 1906 (16.2) 0.002
CKD or ESRD 4421 ( 1.5) 281 ( 2.2) 0.049 249 ( 2.1) 259 ( 2.2) 0.006
History of MI 7328 ( 2.5) 622 ( 4.9) 0.124 564 ( 4.8) 543 ( 4.6) 0.008
PAOD 20622 ( 7.1) 1291 (10.1) 0.106 1139 ( 9.7) 1158 ( 9.8) 0.005
COPD 24048 ( 8.3) 1423 (11.1) 0.095 1363 (11.6) 1297 (11.0) 0.018
Liver disease 69450 (24.0) 3298 (25.8) 0.041 3030 (25.8) 3004 (25.5) 0.005
Malignancy 33811 (11.7) 1667 (13.0) 0.041 1563 (13.3) 1509 (12.8) 0.014
Ischemic stroke or TIA 36917 (12.8) 2042 (16.0) 0.091 1864 (15.9) 1871 (15.9) 0.002
CHA2DS2-VASc score* 2.7 ± 1.6 3.0 ± 1.7 0.188 3.0 ± 1.7 3.0 ± 1.6 0.006
Charlson comorbidity index 2.2 ± 2.2 2.6 ± 2.3 0.154 2.6 ± 2.4 2.6 ± 2.3 0.005
Economic status 0.01 0.008
Low 88544 (30.6) 3940 (30.8) 3513 (29.9) 3626 (30.8)
Middle 65999 (22.8) 2761 (21.6) 2678 (22.8) 2531 (21.5)
High 134889 (46.6) 6096 (47.6) 5568 (47.4) 5602 (47.6)
Living area 0.054 0.01
Small city or rural area 176895 (61.1) 8156 (63.7) 7540 (64.1) 7482 (63.6)
Metropolitan city 112537 (38.9) 4641 (36.3) 4219 (35.9) 4277 (36.4)
Smoking 0.057 <0.001
No 219680 (79.7) 9316 (77.1) 9050 (77.0) 9083 (77.2)
Former 21409 ( 7.8) 1077 ( 8.9) 1091 ( 9.3) 1028 ( 8.7)
Current 34477 (12.5) 1684 (13.9) 1618 (13.8) 1648 (14.0)
Alcohol consumption† 0.079 0.014
No drinking 216400 (76.3) 9096 (72.8) 8661 (73.7) 8676 (73.8)
Moderate 50670 (17.9) 2548 (20.4) 2241 (19.1) 2307 (19.6)
Heavy 16442 ( 5.8) 857 ( 6.9) 857 ( 7.3) 776 ( 6.6)
Physical activity‡ 0.157 0.017
Low 138539 (49.2) 7113 (57.1) 6778 (57.3) 6766 (57.2)
Moderate 74421 (26.5) 2923 (23.4) 2906 (24.6) 2769 (23.4)
High 68393 (24.3) 2429 (19.5) 2148 (18.2) 2297 (19.4)
Medication use
ACE inhibitor or ARB 64926 (22.4) 3707 (29.0) 0.15 3396 (28.9) 3377 (28.7) 0.004
β-blocker 57475 (19.9) 3457 (27.0) 0.17 3136 (26.7) 3170 (27.0) 0.007
Diuretic 77237 (26.7) 4452 (34.8) 0.176 3995 (34.0) 4085 (34.7) 0.016
Calcium channel blocker
DHP 88895 (30.7) 4593 (35.9) 0.11 4282 (36.4) 4240 (36.1) 0.007
Non-DHP 9350 ( 3.2) 728 ( 5.7) 0.119 680 ( 5.8) 637 ( 5.4) 0.016
Digoxin 3041 ( 1.1) 562 ( 4.4) 0.206 466 ( 4.0) 483 ( 4.1) 0.007
Statin 40827 (14.1) 1806 (14.1) <0.001 1705 (14.5) 1677 (14.3) 0.007
Antiplatelet agents 72803 (25.2) 4234 (33.1) 0.175 3879 (33.0) 3856 (32.8) 0.004
Anticoagulant 691 ( 0.2) 129 ( 1.0) 0.098 66 ( 0.6) 95 ( 0.8) 0.03
Antiarrhythmic agents 353 (0.1) 115 (0.9) 0.071 51 (0.4) 70 (0.6) 0.021