Values are expressed in n (%), mean ± standard deviation, or median (interquartile range)
ACE, angiotensin-converting enzyme; ARB, angiotensin type II receptor blocker; BMI, body mass index; CKD, chronic kidney disease; COPD, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; DBP, diastolic blood pressure; DHP, dihydropyridine; ESRD, end-stage renal disease; MI, myocardial infarction; PAOD, peripheral artery occlusive disease; SBP, systolic blood pressure; SMD, Standardized mean difference; TIA, transient ischemic attack.
*CHA2DS2-VASc scores range from 0 to 9, with higher scores indicating a greater risk of stroke. Previous stroke or transient ischemic attack and an age of 75 years or older are each assigned 2 points, and congestive heart failure, hypertension, diabetes, an age of 65–74 years, female sex, and history of vascular disease are each assigned 1 point toward the total score.
† Heavy alcohol consumption: male >8 glass/week (or >3 glass/day), female >4 glass/week (or >2 glass/day), Moderate alcohol consumption: male ≤8 glass/week (or ≤3 glass/day), female ≤4 glass/week (or ≤2 glass/day)
‡ high physical activity: ≥75 min/week of vigorous activity, ≥150 min/week of moderate activity or a combination of the two, moderate physical activity: 1–74 min/week vigorous activity, 1–149 min/week moderate activity or a combination of the two