Statistical Analyses
SPSS software, version 25.0 (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL) was used for
statistical analyses. If normally distributed, continuous variables were
expressed as the mean ± standard deviation and were analyzed using the
Student’s t test. Non-normally distributed variables were
expressed as median (first to third quartiles) and were compared using
non-parametric tests. Categorical variables are presented as proportions
and were compared using the chi-square test or Fisher’s exact test.
Univariate analysis was used to explore the relationship between
perioperative data and follow-up outcomes. Variables withP -values less than 0.05 were entered into the multivariate
analysis with logistic regression. Survival data were assessed using the
Kaplan–Meier method and were compared using the log-rank test. AP -value less than 0.05 for all analyses was considered
statistically significant.