Anthocyanin and Catechin determination
Arabidopsis leaves were weighed (0.1 g) and incubated overnight in extraction buffer (methanol containing 1% HCl). Anthocyanins were separated from the chloroform by adding 200 µl distilled water and 500 µl chloroform, as previously described by He et al47. Spectrophotometer was used to measure the total anthocyanins in the aqueous phase with the absorbance at 530 and 657 nm using. The number of anthocyanins per gram fresh weight was calculated as (A530-0.25×A657). A modified protocol was further used to detect the Catechin content (Su et al., 2020).