REFERENCES
Abate M, Nyssen J, Moges MM, Enku T, Zimale FA, Tilahun SA, Adgo E,
Steenhuis TS. 2016. Long‐term landscape changes in the Lake Tana basin
as evidenced by delta development and floodplain aggradation, Ethiopia.Land Degradation & Development . DOI: 10.1002/ldr.2648
Abate M, Nyssen J, Steenhuis TS, Moges MM, Tilahun SA, Enku T, Adgo E.
2015. Morphological changes of Gumara River channel over 50 years, upper
Blue Nile basin, Ethiopia. Journal of Hydrology 525: 152-164.
Bayable HK, Tebebu TY, Stoof CR, Steenhuis TS. 2016. Effects of a
deep-rooted crop and soil amended with charcoal on spatial and temporal
runoff patterns in a degrading tropical highland watershed.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences 20: 875-885.
Belayneh M, Yirgu T, Tsegaye D. 2019. Potential soil erosion estimation
and area prioritization for better conservation planning in Gumara
watershed using RUSLE and GIS techniques’. Environmental Systems
Research 8(1): 1-17.
Bewket W, Conway D. 2007. A note on the temporal and spatial variability
of rainfall in the drought‐prone Amhara region of
Ethiopia. International Journal of Climatology : A Journal
of the Royal Meteorological Society 27(11): 1467-1477.
Easton ZM, Fuka DR, White ED, Collick AS, Biruk AB. McCartney M,
Awulachew SB, Ahmed AA, Steenhuis TS. 2010. A multi basin SWAT model
analysis of runoff and sedimentation in the Blue Nile, Ethiopia.Hydrology and Earth System Sciences Discussions 7: 3837–3878
Fazzini M, Bisci C, Billi P. 2015. The climate of Ethiopia. In: Billi P
(ed) Landscapes and Landforms of Ethiopia. World geomorphologic
landscapes. Springer, Dordrecht
Guzman CD, Tilahun SA, Dagnew DC, Zegeye AD, Yitaferu B, Kay RW,
Steenhuis TS. 2017b. Developing Soil Conservation Strategies with
Technical and Community Knowledge In A Degrading Sub-Humid Mountainous
Landscape. Land Degradation & Development . DOI:
10.1002/ldr.2733.
Halefom A, Teshome A, Sisay E. 2019. Impacts of land use/land cover
detection on climate variability of Gumara Watershed,
Ethiopia. International Journal of Water 13(2): 101-121.
Haile M, Herweg K, Stillhardt B. 2006a. Sustainable land management–a
new approach to soil and water conservation in Ethiopia. Land Resources
Management and Environmental Protection Department Mekelle University,
Ethiopia, and Center for Development and Environment (CDE), University
of Bern and Swiss National Center of Competence in Research (NCCR)
North-South, Bern, Switzerland.
Israel MA, Amikuzuno J, Danso-Abbeam G. 2020. Assessing farmers’
contribution to greenhouse gas emission and the impact of adopting
climate-smart agriculture on mitigation. Ecological Processes 9(1):
1-10.
Johnson N, Ravnborg HM, Westermann O, Probst K. 2002. User participation
in watershed management and research. Water policy 3(6): 507-520.
Lakew D. 2005. Community-based Participatory Watershed Development: A
Guideline. Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. Ecological Processess
Lieskovský J, Kenderessy P. 2014. Modelling the effect of vegetation
cover and different tillage practices on soil erosion in vineyards: a
case study in Vráble (Slovakia) using WATEM/SEDEM. Land
degradation & Development 25(3): 288-296. DOI:10.1002/idr.2162.
Lubell M, Fulton A. 2008. Local policy networks and agricultural
watershed management. Journal of Public Administration Research
and Theory 18(4): 673-696.
Mengistu A, Tilahun A, Peters KJ. 2013. Collective management on
communal grazing lands Its impact on vegetation attributes and soil
erosion in the upper Blue Nile basin North Western Ethiopia. PhD
dissertation, Humbolt University of Berlin.
Mhiret DA, Dagnew DC, Guzman CD, Alemie TC, Zegeye AD, Tebebu TY,
Langendoen EJ, Zaitchik BF, Steenhuis TS. 2020. A nine-year study on the
benefits and risks of soil and water conservation practices in the humid
highlands of Ethiopia: The Debre-Mawi watershed. Journal of
Environmental Management 270: 110885.
Mullen MW, Allison BE. 1999. Stakeholder involvement and social capital:
keys to watershed management success in Alabama 1. Journal of the
American Water Resources Association 35(3): 655-662.
Nyssen J, Clymans W, Poesen J, Vandecasteele I, De Baets S, Haregeweyn
N, Naudts J, Hadera A, Moeyersons J, Haile M, Deckers J. 2009. How soil
conservation affects the catchment sediment budget a comprehensive study
in the north Ethiopian highlands. Earth Surface Processes and
Landforms 34: 1216-1233. DOI: 10.1002/esp.1805.
Pimentel D, Harvey C, Resosudarmo P, Sinclair K, Kurz D, McNair M, Crist
S, Shpritz L, Fitton L, Saffouri R, Blair R. 1995. Environmental and
economic costs of soil erosion and conservation
benefits. Science 267(5201): 1117-1123.
Pittroff W. 2011. Rangeland management and conservation in
Afghanistan. International Journal of Environmental Studies.
Reij C, Scoones I, Toulmin C. 1996. Sustaining the Soil. Indigenous Soil
and Water Conservation in Africa. In: Drylands program, Earth scan
Publications.
Setegn SG, Srinivasan R, Dargahi B. 2008. Hydrological modelling in the
Lake Tana Basin, Ethiopia using SWAT model. The Open Hydrology
Journal 2(1).
Terefe H, Argaw M, Tamene L, Mekonnen K, Recha J, Solomon D. 2020.
Effects of sustainable land management interventions on selected soil
properties in Geda watershed, central highlands of
Ethiopia. Ecological Processes 9(1), 1-11.
Wani SP. 2008. Community Watershed as a Growth Engine for Development of
Dryland Areas. A Comprehensive Assessment of Watershed Programs in
India.
Wubie MA, Assen M. 2020. Effects of land cover changes and slope
gradient on soil quality in the Gumara watershed, Lake Tana basin of
North–West Ethiopia. Modeling Earth Systems and
Environment 6(1): 85-97.
Yeraswork A. 2000. Twenty years to nowhere: property rights, land
management and conservation in Ethiopia. Red Sea Pr.
Zimale FA, Moges MA, Alemu ML, Ayana EK, Demissie SS, Tilahun SA,
Steenhuis TS. 2018. Budgeting suspended sediment fluxes in tropical
monsoonal watersheds with limited data: The Lake Tana
basin. Journal of hydrology & Hydromechanics 66(1): 65-78.
Zimale FA, Tilahun SA, Tebebu TY, Guzman CD, Hoang L, Schneiderman EM,
Langendoen EJ, Steenhuis TS. 2017. Improving watershed management
practices in humid regions. Hydrological processes 31(18):
3294-3301.
Table 1: Area covered by each land-use type in the four watersheds