Discussion
The simulated results under ecologically neutral dynamics demonstrated that the upper limits exist in temporal distance-decay patterns; thus, the temporal distance-decay curves saturate before reaching a completely dissimilar state. In addition, the form of the curve strongly depends on four parameters of the neutral model: fundamental biodiversity number, local community size, mortality rate, and immigration rate. These results emphasise the importance of considering the basic information of the species pool and local communities as four parameters in the present study when temporal beta-diversity studies are expanded to macroecological contexts. No studies have seriously considered the differences between space and time; therefore, this study is the first to explore biodiversity changes from both basic and applied perspectives.