Simulation
To reveal the parameter dependency of temporal beta-diversity patterns under neutral dynamics, simulations were performed using the R package “ecolottery” (Munoz et al., 2018). This study focused on four fundamental parameters of the neutral model (Hubbell, 2001): fundamental biodiversity number (θ), local community size (J ), mortality rate (d ), and immigration rate (m ) (Fig. 1a and b). Fundamental biodiversity number (θ) is a value associated with the properties of species pool diversity (Fig. 1a); specifically, species diversity in the species pool and their evenness increase as the fundamental biodiversity number increases, when the number of individuals included is the same (for the detailed derivation of fundamental biodiversity number, see Hubbell, 2001). In two extreme cases, the species pool includes only one species when the fundamental biodiversity number is zero (θ = 0), and all species in the species pool have one individual when the fundamental biodiversity number is infinite (θ = ∞). The local community size indicates the total number of individuals in a targeted local community. Under the zero-sum assumption, the number (J ) is the same throughout the community dynamics for each simulation. Mortality rate (d ) indicates the proportion of mortal individuals in the local community at each time step; thus, J × d is the actual number of mortal individuals (D ) (Fig. 1b). The mortality rate (d ) is identical to the turnover rate under the zero-sum assumption because the number of mortal individuals is identical to that of recruited (or birthed) individuals. The immigration rate (m ) is the proportion of immigrated individuals in the number of recruited (or birthed) individuals at each time step; thus, J × d ×m is the number of immigrated individuals (M ) and J× d × (1 – m ) is the number of locally recruited (or birthed) individuals (DM ) (Fig. 1b). The details of these parameters are summarised in Table 1.