2.1 | Samples
All specimens of Sichuan B. schroederi population were collected from the giant panda (Ailuropoda melanoleuca ) with naturally acquired infections from the China Conservation and Research Center for Giant Panda. Samples of Qinling B. schroederi population were obtained from the intestines of individuals who died after wild panda rescues in the Foping National Nature Reserve (Qinling Mountains) failed. Roundworms were washed extensively in sterile physiological saline (37 oC), sexes separated, snap-frozen and transport with dry ice and then stored at -80 oC until use. Several specimens were stored in RNA preservation solution for transcriptome sequencing. All experimental designs and nematodes handling were approved by the Institutional Animal Care and Use Committee of Northeast Forestry University.