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\begin{document}

\title{The early bird uses bioRxiv: The impact of career stage on the usage of
preprints in ecology and evolution}



\author[1]{Jesse Wolf}%
\author[1]{Layla MacKay}%
\author[1]{Sarah Haworth}%
\author[1]{Marie-Laurence Cossette}%
\author[1]{Morgan Dedato}%
\author[1]{Kiana Young}%
\author[1]{Colin Elliott}%
\author[2]{Rebekah Oomen}%
\affil[1]{Trent University}%
\affil[2]{University of Oslo}%


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  \date{May 08, 2024}


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\begin{abstract}
The usage of preprint servers in ecology and evolution is increasing, as
it allows for research to be rapidly disseminated and available through
open access at no cost. This is relevant for Early Career Researchers
(ECRs), who must demonstrate research ability for funding opportunities,
scholarships, grants, or faculty positions in short temporal windows in
order to advance their careers. Concurrently, limited experience with
the peer review process can make it challenging for those who are in the
early stages of their research career to build publication records.
Therefore, ECRs face different challenges relative to researchers with
permanent positions and established research programs and have different
requirements in terms of research output and timelines. These challenges
might also vary according to institution size and country, which are
associated with the availability of funding for open access journals.
Herein, we hypothesize that career stage and institution size impact
relative usage of preprint servers among researchers in ecology and
evolution. Using data collected from 500 articles (100 from each of two
open access journals, two closed access journals, and a preprint
server), we demonstrate that ECRs generate more preprints relative to
non-ECRs, for both first and last authors. We speculate that this
pattern is reflective of the advantages of quick and open access
research that is disproportionately beneficial to ECRs. There is also a
marginal effect of first author institution size on preprint usage,
whereby the number of preprints tends to increase with institution size
for ECRs, although the interaction between ECR status and institution
size was not significant. The United States and United Kingdom
contributed the greatest number of preprints by early career
researchers, whereas non-western countries contributed relatively fewer
preprints. This research provides empirical evidence regarding
motivations of preprint usage and barriers surrounding large-scale
adoption of preprinting in ecology and evolution.%
\end{abstract}%



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