Fig. 2. Direct and indirect effects of nutrient addition,
herbivore exclusion by fencing, and their interaction on stability at
the local (i.e. alpha stability) and larger spatial scales (i.e. gamma
stability). Model fit the data well (Fisher’s C = 34.08, P = 0.368,
d.f. = 32, N = 136). Boxes represent measured variables and arrows
represent relationships among variables. The displayed numbers are
standardized path coefficients. Width of the arrows indicates the
strength of the pathways. Line color represents positive (black),
negative (red) path coefficients. Grey arrows and numbers show
correlated errors. Asterisks indicate significant paths: *
P<0.1; ** P<0.05; *** P<0.001. See Table
S4 for R2 for each component model. Alpha stability,
spatial asynchrony, and gamma stability were on the log scale to improve
normality and homogeneity of variance. TCD: temporal community
dissimilarity; SCD: spatial community dissimilarity.