Fig. 2. Direct and indirect effects of nutrient addition, herbivore exclusion by fencing, and their interaction on stability at the local (i.e. alpha stability) and larger spatial scales (i.e. gamma stability). Model fit the data well (Fisher’s C = 34.08, P = 0.368, d.f. = 32, N = 136). Boxes represent measured variables and arrows represent relationships among variables. The displayed numbers are standardized path coefficients. Width of the arrows indicates the strength of the pathways. Line color represents positive (black), negative (red) path coefficients. Grey arrows and numbers show correlated errors. Asterisks indicate significant paths: * P<0.1; ** P<0.05; *** P<0.001. See Table S4 for R2 for each component model. Alpha stability, spatial asynchrony, and gamma stability were on the log scale to improve normality and homogeneity of variance. TCD: temporal community dissimilarity; SCD: spatial community dissimilarity.